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English to Spanish: Nineteen Eighty-Four, George Orwell (excerpts) General field: Art/Literary Detailed field: Poetry & Literature
Source text - English Appendix
THE PRINCIPLES OF NEWSPEAK
Newspeak was the official language of Oceania and had been devised to meet the ideological needs of Ingsoc, or English Socialism.
In the year 1984 there was not as yet anyone who used Newspeak as his sole means of communication, either in speech or writing.
The leading articles in the Times were written in it, but this was a tour de force which could only be carried out by a specialist.
It was expected that Newspeak would have finally superseded Oldspeak (or Standard English, as we should call it) by about the year 2050.
Meanwhile it gained ground steadily, all Party members tending to use Newspeak words and grammatical constructions more and more in their everyday speech.
The version in use in 1984, and embodied in the Ninth and Tenth Editions of the Newspeak Dictionary, was a provisional one, and contained many superfluous words and archaic formations which were due to be suppressed later.
It is with the final, perfected version, as embodied in the Eleventh Edition of the Dictionary, that we are concerned here.
***
The A vocabulary.
The A vocabulary consisted of the words needed for the business of everyday life — for such things as eating, drinking, working, putting on one's clothes, going up and down stairs, riding in vehicles, gardening, cooking, and the like.
It was composed almost entirely of words that we already possess words like hit, run, dog, tree, sugar, house, field — but in comparison with the present-day English vocabulary their number was extremely small, while their meanings were far more rigidly defined.
All ambiguities and shades of meaning had been purged out of them. So far as it could be achieved, a Newspeak word of this class was simply a staccato sound expressing one clearly understood concept.
It would have been quite impossible to use the A vocabulary for literary purposes or for political or philosophical discussion.
It was intended only to express simple, purposive thoughts, usually involving concrete objects or physical actions.
***
The second distinguishing mark of Newspeak grammar was its regularity.
Subject to a few exceptions which are mentioned below all inflexions followed the same rules.
Thus, in all verbs the preterite and the past participle were the same and ended in -ed.
The preterite of steal was stealed, the preterite of think was thinked, and so on throughout the language, all such forms as swam, gave, brought, spoke, taken, etc., being abolished.
All plurals were made by adding -s or -es as the case might be.
The plurals of man, ox, life, were mans, oxes, lifes.
Comparison of adjectives was invariably made by adding -er, -est (good, gooder, goodest), irregular forms and the more, most formation being suppressed.
Translation - Spanish Apéndice
PRINCIPIOS DE NEOLENGUA
La neolengua era la lengua oficial de Oceanía y había sido concebida para satisfacer las necesidades ideológicas del Socing, o Socialismo Inglés.
En el año 1984, no había aún nadie que utilizara la neolengua como única forma de comunicación, ni al escribir ni al hablar.
Los editoriales del Times estaban escritos en neolengua, pero sólo un especialista podía llevar a cabo este tour de force.
Se esperaba que la neolengua sustituyese de manera definitiva a la primilengua (O, inglés estándar, como lo llamaríamos nosotros) en el año 2050, aproximadamente.
Entretanto, iba ganando terreno a un ritmo constante, los miembros del Partido tendían cada vez más a utilizar palabras y construcciones gramaticales de neolengua en su lenguaje cotidiano.
La versión que se usaba en 1984, plasmada en la novena y décima edición del Diccionario de Neolengua, era provisional, y contenía muchas palabras superfluas y formaciones arcaicas que más adelante se suprimirían.
La versión a la que hacemos referencia aquí es la última, perfeccionada, plasmada en la undécima edición del Diccionario.
***
El vocabulario A.
El vocabulario A estaba compuesto por aquellas palabras necesarias para el día a día –tales como comer, beber, trabajar, ponerse la ropa, subir y bajar las escaleras, viajar en distintos vehículos, cuidar el jardín, cocinar, y demás cosas por el estilo.
Estaba compuesto, casi en su totalidad, por palabras que ya poseemos ─tales como golpear, correr, perro, árbol, azúcar, casa, campo─ pero su número era muy reducido en comparación con el vocabulario de la lengua actual, mientras que sus significados estaban delimitados de manera mucho más estricta.
Todas las palabras habían sido purgadas de ambigüedades y matices. En la medida de lo posible, una palabra de neolengua de esta clase era simplemente un sonido aislado que expresaba un solo concepto que se entendía de forma clara.
Hubiera sido casi imposible utilizar el vocabulario A con una finalidad literaria o en una discusión política o filosófica.
Estaba diseñado para expresar pensamientos simples, con una única intención, que por lo general estaban relacionados con objetos concretos o movimientos del cuerpo.
***
La segunda marca distintiva de la gramática de la neolengua era su regularidad.
Excepto por algunas excepciones que se mencionan más adelante, todas las inflexiones seguían las mismas reglas.
De esta forma, en todos los verbos el pretérito y el pasado participio eran los mismos y se conjugaban con la estructura de los verbos acabados en -ar.
El pretérito de comer era yo comé, el pretérito de salir era yo salé, y así sucedía con todo el lenguaje, formas tales como dormí, supe, quise, creí, caído, etc., se habían suprimido.
Todos los plurales se formaban añadiendo -s o -es, según fuese conveniente.
Los plurales de lápiz, pez, nariz eran lápizes, pezes, narizes.
La comparación de adjetivos se construía de forma invariable añadiendo -isimo, -isisimo. (Bueno, buenísimo, buenisisimo).
Las formas irregulares y las estructuras más… que, el/la más…, se suprimieron.
My name is Soledad. I work as a full-time translator. I am a native Spanish speaker with a C2 English level (bilingual level according to CEFR). I hold a master's degree in English Studies and a postgraduate certificate in Literary Translation.
My particular specialized areas are literature, art, and languages.
Also, I work every day to increase my knowledge in media and software localization.
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I have good availability and I can often accommodate urgent jobs.
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