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Source text - English PRICED BILL OF QUANTITIES BUILDING WORKS
02.02 STAFF HOUSE
BUILDING LICENSE
1) Formation of equipped yard in function of the dimension of the work that has to be done, through the implementation of fencing the entire area concerned by the yard with iron poles, wood, reinforced concrete, etc.. by plunging in the soil or if provided with appropriate bases to ensure stability, supported the same, supply and installation net anchor to the poles, consists of welded panels net, in this case the fence is to be highlighted with orange network in at least two bands not less than 40 cm, placed at the top and a half, then panels network specially designed for fence yards mobile network in plastic forms existing colors on the market. Installation of all equipment (cranes, planT Mixing, circular saw, etc..) necessary for the performance of the work, installation of electrical CEI and regularly certificate under the law 46/90 for the installer who must be in possession of the requirements of the law itself, putting grounding of all equipment including metal fence, with complaint of the earth at the competent bodies to control (ISPESL). Organization functional spaces for storage of materials provided and materials resulting from possible demolition. Organization of transit routes within the yard and those outside and adjacent to the site to avoid danger for people in the yard and those outside transiting outside but in the immediate vicinity of the same. Including also any other charge although not specified, but necessary to create the yard, in this phase of work, it is essential comparison with the charge of coordination being provided by the executive if DLGS 494/96.
A corpo 1,00
2) Excavation made by mechanical means including the removal of shrubs, profiling of walls, the regularization of the fund, the load on trucks and transport in the yard: loose rocks (clay, sand, gravel, land plant and the like), including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mc 2147,00
3) Filling up including the approach of materials, the compaction layers of materials used to reach the benchmark of the project, the compaction prescribed: with resulting material from excavation carried out in the yard, including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mc 1400,00
4) Supply and installation of geo-bentonite-layers consisting of natural sodium bentonite, thickness not less than mm. 6 (minimum content in montmorillonite and coefficient of permeability minimum respectively 95% and 10-9 cm / s), including a geotextile sublayer and overlayer, including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mq 985,73
5) Foundation excavation free section done in the ground of any kind, until the depth of 2 m from the campaign floor, including the extraction and bailing out of any waters and the removal of shrubs of any size, the load, transportation and removal of the material dug in the yard: loose rocks (clay, sand, gravel, vegetable land and the like), including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mc 341,80
6) Sub structure executed by jet cement concrete conglomerate, carried out in accordance with the technical requirements provided, including the provision of material on site, spreading, vibration and anything else necessary to give a work done by perfect rule of art, except Only scaffolding, shuttering, and iron armor, with the following strengths: 150 kg / m³; including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mc 96,45
7) Formation of aerated drain including the concrete slab through placement on a plan, preformed plastic elements CUPOLEX type, size plant in approximately 56x56 cm or com 71x71 cm and height 30, with grooves and cross-cones with central to the summit low; including any other charge for the perfect execution
Mq 234,48
8) Steel bars for reinforcement of cement concrete conglomerate, preformed and precut to size, shaped and put in place a rule of art, including every scrap, ligatures, etc.., And all charges related to the control of law; type B Fe 32 K , Fe B 38 K, Fe 44 B K bars smooth or adherence improved, the type controlled establishment and not 14-30 mm diameter.
Kg 6741,60
9) Steel electro-welded net in squared mesh of any size for reinforcement of cement concrete conglomerate preformed and precut to size, placed in work to rule of art, including every scrap, ligatures, etc.. Diameter rod 4 ÷ 12 mm
Kg 3128,85
10) Formwork straight or centinate for cement concrete conglomerate jets simply or armed, including armament, disarming, disarmament, and shoring and support works up to the height of 4 m. from flat surface; to give a work done by perfect rule of art and measured in accordance with the actual surface of shuttering in contact with the concrete: for works of foundation: wood (sub spruce), including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mq 376,00
11) Formwork straight or centinate for cement concrete conglomerate simply or armed including armament, disarming, disarmament, shoring and support works up to a height of 4 m from the flat surface; to give a work done by perfect rule of art and measured in accordance with the actual surface of shuttering in contact with the concrete: walling elevation, beams and pillars: wood panels, including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mq 3785,50
12) Cement concrete conglomerate resistance, filling, according to the technical requirements provided, including the provision of material on site, its spreading, vibration and anything else necessary to give a work carried out in perfect rule of art, including just scaffolding, excluding formworks and iron armor: Works elevation: Rck 30 N / mmq, including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mc 878,90
13) Cement concrete conglomerate, filling, according to the technical requirements provided, including the provision of material on site, its spreading, vibration and anything else necessary to give a work carried out in perfect rule of art, excluding only scaffolding , formwork and iron armor for works of foundation: Rck 30 N / mm ²; irons accounted for separately, including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mc 362,50
14) Formation of road-bed support to the yard by running continued and fresh layers of recycled material thickness of 10 cm thick total cm30; such material must be compacted, including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mc 280,00
15) Brickwork in elevation made with blocks of alveolate brick referred to UNI 8942, curve and line, or each height, including charges of internal and external scaffolding and what else is necessary to carry out the work to perfect rule of art: blocks 25 x 25 cm, with horizontal hole drilling and percentage equal to 60 ÷ 70%, masonry of padding, dividers: 30 cm thick.
Mq 477,80
16) Brickwork in elevation made with blocks of brick alveolato referred to UNI 8942, curve and line, or at any height, including charges to perform scarfs and what else is necessary to achieve the perfect work to rule ' art: with blocks 25 x 25 cm, with horizontal hole drilling and percentage equal to 60 ÷ 70%, masonry of padding, contropareti and dividers: 12.5 cm thick
Mq 158,70
17) Refractory flue squared section complete with false flue in precast monoblock vibrocompresses double wall made of special concrete blocks, internal isolation with rock wool panel, suitable for conveying the products of combustion in accordance with the parameters established by UNI and the No law 615/66, operates full chamber collection and unloading, connection to T 90 ° for connecting the boiler, inspection complete with smoke and thermometer plate and the plate collect condensation in stainless steel, to the exclusion of chimney-pot and plate for closure of chimney-pot: 25 x 25 cm, including any other charge for perfect execution.
M 38,00
18) Vapor barrier consists of an elastoplastomerica membrane thickness of 2 mm armed with aluminum foil thickness of 6 / 100 mm, absolute permeability to water vapour, settled on excluded floor, after hand of bituminous primers, to be paid separately, with superimposed joints.
Mq 438,10
19) Insulating screed cement concrete conglomerate made in the yard with 250 kilograms of cement type R and 32.5 light inert given up for paving, undercoats, etc.., Beaten or even paved with slopes: clay-expanded.
Mc 1245,00
20) Waterproof layer membrane consists of prefabricated bitumen-elastomeric polymer, flexibility cold -25 ° C, applied to flame on screed of the background, except horizontal or inclined surfaces, excluding prior treatment with appropriate primer bituminous, with overlapping superposition of 8 ÷ 10 cm in the longitudinal and at least 15 cm to heads of towels: reinforced in polyester non-textile thickness 3 mm.
Mq 438,10
21) Supply and installation of insulation panel made of expanded vulcanic rock for terraces for the thickness of 10 cm, including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mq 415,00
22) Elevated floor consisting of modular panels 600 x 600 mm, and raising structure consisting of galvanized steel columns and bush in the base adjustment and locking system with threaded stem (diameter 16 mm), with six notches nut and fastening sleepers liaison in galvanized steel rib profile in open section 28 x 18 x 1 mm: wooden conglomerate fire resistant panels, thickness 30 mm, maximum water absorption equal to 35%, density equal to 720 kg / m³, with top finishing in: laminate ; including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mq 415,00
23) Galvanized steel loom size 0.80 * 2.10 * 0.15-0.30,installed, complete of appropriate anchorage cramps to the wall and what else necessary to give the work done by perfect rule of art.
Cad. 20,00
24) Galvanized steel loom size 0.90 * 2.10 * 0.15-0.30, installed, complete of appropriate anchorage cramps to the wall and what else necessary to give the work done by perfect rule of art.
Cad. 10,00
25) Galvanized steel loom size 1.20 * 2.40 *0,15- 0.30, installed, complete of appropriate anchorage cramps to the wall and what else necessary to give the work done by perfect rule of art.
Cad. 2,00
26) Galvanized steel loom size 1.60*2.10*0.15-0.30, installed, complete of appropriate anchorage cramps to the wall and what else necessary to give the work done by perfect rule of art.
Cad. 1,00
27) ) Internal wooden door with mobile door and veneered edges, complete with main loom in veneer lists thickness of 8 / 11 mm, flange thread-cover in multilayer and all the hardware necessary for securing, moving and closing, size standards 210x80-90 cm: with smooth door
Cad. 29,00
28) Sliding wooden door with mobile shutter and veneer edges, complete of veneer spline frame thickness 8 / 11 mm, flange and lock in multi-layer panel with door-latch, size standard of 210 cm x 160 : smooth: lacquered.
Cad. 1,00
29) Sliding door with two wooden mobile and tamburate shutters and with veneer edges, complete of veneer spline frame thickness 8 / 11 mm, flange and lock in multi-layer panel with door-latchj, size standard 210 x 60-70-80 cm: blind smooth: tanganika walnut wood.
Cad. 3,00
30) Smooth thresholds marble slabs thickness of 10 cm, width of 60 cm long and 1.50 m with a polished surface view and trimmed coasts or simply blunted installed with grout including all necessary masonry, stuccoing, sealing of joints and cramps, including any other charge for perfect execution.
M. 58,00
31) Smooth thresholds marble slabs thickness of 10 cm, width of 60 cm long and 2.00 m with a polished surface view and trimmed coasts or simply blunted installed with grout including all necessary masonry, stuccoing, sealing joints and cramps, including any other charge for perfect execution.
M. 45,00
32) Supply and installation of chimney-pot for smoke-pipe or exalation of concrete cement natural conglomerate installed including plate false chimney-pot in concrete size 25 * 25 cm, including any other charge for perfect execution.
Cad. 6,00
33) Cover, converse and similar with works following design, installed on prepared surfaces, with rivetted overlapping, welded, including shaping,folds, lags, cramps,anchorage masonry, scrap for the measure cuts. Evaluation to m² second length expansion 110 cm: copper, thickness 8 / 10
Mq. 165,60
34) Realisation and jet work operation of stairs in reinforced concrete covered with stone (as represented in the executive design), including irons of armor, and any other charge for the perfect execution
Mc 8,53
35) Aluminium profile with bronze finish round, flat, squared or angular section forbalconies and stairs railings, with any fixed or movable racks, hinges, poles, locks, compasses, guides and any other fasteners hardware, opening and closing, with holes, plates, bolts, electrodes, etc.. installed bolted or welded, including a coat of rustproof and masonry, including any other charge for perfect execution.
Cad. 60,00
36) Supply and installation of coated ventilated wall inner wall made up of anchor elements stainless standard hook,, riveted on a structure formed of vertical uprights extruded aluminum. The format of coating stones is AURISINA CHIARA thickness of 2 cm and size cm. 60 * 60; including at sunroofs a level marker line consisting from a layer of stones size 30 * 60 cm, including also the elements of edging architectural holes. The entire operation including fixings to the main carrier structure (reinforced concrete walls) and any other charge for perfect execution.
Mq. 990,50
37) Premixed plaster basic interior, based on anidrene, inert limestone and specific additives, maximum fire resistance REI 180,spray applied form in brick or concrete, thickness of 1.5 cm, levelled and spread
Mq 3923,54
38) Civil finishing with premixed smoothing based on cement binder and applied inert by hand to a thickness of not less than 3 mm, including any other charge for the perfect execution.
Mq 3923,54
39) Painting with hydropaint of surfaces three layers to covering, including the preparation of the same surfaces: on internal surfaces with washable hydropaint, including any other charge for the perfect execution.
Mq 3923,54
40) Teak wood floor, seasoned and dried, 10 cm wide, 20 mm thick, 400 ÷ 900 mm length, humidity 9% ± 2%, installed on wooden armor including cuts, offcuts, shaping and varnishing ; including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mq 350,35
41) Skirtings in teak wood lists, seasoned and dried, 10 cm wide, 20 mm, 900 mm in length, humidity 9% ± 2%, installed against the wall coating with special glues and anchor hardware including cuts, offcuts, shaping and varnishing, including any other charge for perfect execution.
M 214,80
42) Massetto for industrial floor done with Rck 25 N/mmq concrete conglomerate, workability class S4, hand-laid only, thickness cm. 10.
Mq 778,40
43) Industrial floor high mechanic resistence with sintetic epossidic mortar, on massetto, polished, thickness 7 mm., oil, acid, damp resistant.
Mq 778,40
44) Supply and installation of bronzed aluminum window frames made of parts some opening some other with fixed locations. The entire installation including structural frames, the necessary hardware to anchor, necessary stuccoing and any other charge for perfect execution.
Mq 52,00
45) Supply and installation of the external granite flooring including the charge of preparing the massetto below and the plan of laying, the perimeter kerbs, including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mq 60,75
46) Creation of ornamental tanks (for water) 10 cm thick, including the creation of concrete perimeter kerbs, hygrometrical insulation layer formed by foamglass panels well combined with each other; including each other charge for perfect execution.
Mq 40,00
47) Electric lift automatic type installation provided with the following features: power through batteries placed within the control framework, maximum committed power on the electricnet 400W; control framework in metal cabinet appropriately allocated outside the moving compartment; traction group consisting of magnet (2KW) permanent current motor and reducer with screw without end bathing in oil, mounted on the special chassis placed inside the moving compartment on the top of the tracks, slide composed of profile open polygonal section, achieved in plate steel cold bent; plastic sheet cabin and steel profiles with size depending on the status of places and conformed to the rules, with service control panel that brings together the command equipment and reporting provided mode by the rules of reference; cabin door automatic type, operated by electric operator with telescopic doors or opposed doors realized with sheet or aluminium doors.Coupled level doors with the cabin door automatic or semiautomatic type, carried out with mobile doors realized with plastic sheet, complete with chassis built with the command console, command and reporting equipment in the manner prescribed by the rules; nominal power 300 -600 Kg depending on the surface of the cabin; nominal maximum speed 0.5 m / s. plant since operations fully functional in accordance with the regulations, including assistance to testing and on the preparation of communication of final inspection, excluding masonry related to the installation and to the aid hodmen to the installators and the connection to the telephone line. Including any other charge for the perfect execution.
Cad. 1,00
48) Supply and installation of trapdoor for the access to the coverage plan including all the necessary anchoring hardware to the structures and any other charge for perfect execution.
Cad. 1,00
49) Prices per hour include average overheads and business profits, for performed services normal working hours. The prices include: contractual pay, charges of law and in imposed fact on the workforce and the normal complement use of tools and utensils.
50) Walls assistance for heating installation, excluding the helping workforce the assemblers, as a percentage of the price (percentage of the plants cost) including: boiler, burner and convectors, except: tank and its installation.
51) Walls assistance for the installation of water-works full of appliances and fittings, excluding the helping workforce the assemblers as a percentage of the plant price.
52) Walls assistance to laying of cast iron pipes, installated for the installer of sanitary facilities
53) Walls assistance for the installation of electrical equipment, excluding lighting equipment excluding workforce helping the assemblers, as a percentage of average price for installation of lighting and motive power.
54) Walls assistance for the elevator installation, including workforce helping the assemblers, as a percentage of the price.
1) Formiranje opremljenog gradilišta u funkciji koja se tiče dimenzija posla koji treba da se obavi, kroz ograđivanje čitavog područja obuhvaćenog gradilištem pomocu gvozdenih stubova, drveta, armiranog betona itd. koji se zabijaju u zemlju ili, ukoliko su sprovedeni odgovarajućim temeljima za održavanje stabilnosti,čime se također obezbeđuje,mreža instalacija i materijala usidrena u stubove, sastavljena od mreže zavarenih panela, u ovom slučaju,ograda je istaknuta narandžastom mrežom u vidu najmanje dve trake ne uže od 40cm,postavljene na vrh i na polovinu visine, zatim mreža panela posebno dizajnirana za ograde gradilišta,pokretna mreža u najlonskim oblicima, postojećih boja na tržištu. Instaliranje čitave opreme (kranovi,planTmešalice, cirkular, itd.) neophodne za izvođenje radova,instalacija električnih CEI i pribavljanje regularnog certifikata po zakonu 46/90 za instalator koji mora ispunjavati zakonske uslove,postavljanje čitave opreme uključujući metalnu ogradu, sa uzemljenjima na odgovarajućim mestima za kontrolu (ISPESL). Оrganizovanje funkcionalnog prostora za odlaganje nabavljenog materijala kao i materijala nastalih kao posledica eventualnog rušenja.Organizovanje prolaza unutar gradilišta i izvan njega, kao i prema okolini da bi se izbegla opasnost po ljude u području gradilišta i izvan tog područja u njegovoj neposrednoj blizini. Ukljucivanje pritom još neke bezbednosne mere koja nije specifikovana ali je neophodna za izgradnju gradilišta,u ovoj fazi rada,vrlo je bitno u poređenju sa obavezama navedenim u okviru DLGS 494/96.
A corpo 1,00
2) Iskopavanje izvedeno u mehaničkom smislu uključujući uklanjanje žbunova, profilisanje zidova, regularizacija fundiranja, postavljanje tereta na kamione i njihov transport na gradilište: sitno kamenje( glina, pesak,šljunak, suvo bilje i slično), uključujući jos neki postupak koji bi usavršio ovaj proces.
Mc 2147,00
3) Ispunjavanje uključujući pristup materijalima, kompaktnim slojevima materijala korisćenim da se dostigne visina projekta,pri čemu je kompaktnost propisana pomoću materijala koji izneseni sa gradilišta, uključujući još neki postupak koji bi usavršio ovaj proces. Mc 1400,00
4) Snabdevanje i instalacija geo- bentonitskih slojeva koji sadrže sodium bentonit, debljine ne manje od 6mm (najmanji sadržaj u montmorilonitu i minimalni koeficijent propustljivosti koji se kreće respektivno 95% i 10-9cm /s), ukljucujuci geotekstilne podslojeve,kao i još neki postupak koji bi usavršio ovaj proces.
Mq 985,73
5) Iskopavanje temelja na bilo kojoj vrsti tla, do dubine od 2m ispod kote poda,uključujući vađenje i izbacivanje bilo kakve vode i uklanjanje kamenja bilo koje veličine,tereta,prenošenje i uklanjanje materijala iskopanog na gradilištu: sitno kamenje (glina, pesak, biljke i slično),kao i još neki postupak koji bi usavršio ovaj proces.
Mc 341,80
6) Formiranje podkonstrukcije od nagomilanog cement betona, uz upotrebu predviđene tehničke opreme,uključujući prevoz materijala na gradilište, rasprostiranje, vibriranje i ostalo potrebno da se posao adekvatno obavi. Postavljanje skela,otvora i čelične aramture čija je težina 150 kg / m³; uključujući bilo koji drugi postupak koji bi usavršio ovaj postupak.
Mc 96,45
7) Izvođenje drenaže pomoću mlaza betona postavljanjem kroz osnovu, upotrebom plastičnih elemenata tipa CUPOLEX, dimenzija aproksimativno od 56x56cm ili 71x71cm, visine 30, sa žljebovima i ukrštenjima u centralnom delu; uključujući bilo koji drugi postupak koji bi usavršio ovaj postupak.
Mq 234,48
8) Čelične šipke za ojačanje cement betonske konstrukcije, oblikovane i isečene na odgovarajuću dužinu,savijene i postavljene na pravi način, uključujući svaki komadić, ligaturu i sl. Svi elementi su prošli zakonsku kontrolu; tip B Fe 32 K, Fe B 38 K, Fe 44 B K ,poboljšana glatkoća i prianjanje šipki, izvršena kontrola prečnika koji se krece u rasponu 14-30mm.
Kg 6741,60
9) Čelična elektro-zavarena mreža u bilo kojoj veličini, za ojačanje cement betonske konstrukcije oblikovana, odgovarajuće veličine, postavljena prema standardima, uključujući svaki komadić, ligaturu i sl., Precnika 4 ÷ 12 mm
Kg 3128,85
10) Oplata ravna ili formirana tako da prati oblik elemenata, nanosi se jednostavno ili postupkom koji uključuje oblaganje, pokrivanje, uklanjanje kao i podupiranje i podizanje do visine 4m od ravni; Izvesti potrebne radove po propisima u skladu sa dimenzijama površine koja je u kontaktu sa betonom: za izvođenje temelja: drvo (smrekovo), uključujući još postupaka koji bi poboljšali dati proces.
Mq 376,00
11) Oplata ravna ili centinate za konstrukciju od cementa i betona koja može biti prosto ili potpuno pokrivena oplatom. Pritom se ubraja: oblaganje, uklanjanje oplate, podupiranje i podizanje do visine 4m od ravne površine; Izvesti potrebne radove po propisima u skladu sa stvarnom površinom koja je u kontaktu sa betonom: podizanje zidova, grede i stubovi, drveni paneli, uključujući druge postupke koji bi dalje usavršili ovaj postupak.
Mq 3785,50
12) Otpornost cement betonske konstrukcije, rasipanje uz odgovarajuću tehničku opremu, uključujući dostavljanje materijala na gradilište, njegovo širenje, vibriranje betona i sve ostalo neophodno da radovi budu u skladu sa propisima, uključujući samo skele, izostavljajući oplatu i armaturu: Porast radova se izražava: Rck 30 N / mmq , uključujući druge postupke koji bi dalje usavršili ovaj postupak.
Mc 878,90
13) Nasipanje i punjenje cement betonske konstrukcije uz odgovarajuću opremu, uključujući dostavljanje materijala na gradilište, njegovo širenje, vibriranje betona i sve ostalo neophodno da radovi budu u skladu sa propisima, isključujući skele, oplatu i armaturu za izvođenje temelja:
Rck 30 N / mm ²; Čelik se odvojeno obračunava, uključujući druge postupke koji bi dalje usavršili ovaj postupak.
Mc 362,50
14) Izvođenje čeličnih podupirača na gradilištu pomoću slojeva recikliranog materijala debljine od 10cm uz maksimalnu debljinu od 30cm; Ovakav materijal bi trebalo da bude kompaktiran, uključujući druge postupke koji bi pospešili ovaj proces.
Mc 280,00
15) Zidanje izvršeno pomoću blokova od alveolarne opeke preporučene od strane UNI 8942, pravilnog i krivog oblika, za svaku visinu, uključujući postavljanje unutrašnjih i spoljašnih skela i sve ostalo sto je neophodno da radovi budu korektno izvedeni: blokovi dimenzija 25x25 cm,sa rupama u horizontalnom pravcu i procentom u rasponu 60 ÷ 70%, zidanje ispune, razdelnici: debljine 30 cm
Mq 477,80
16) Zidanje izvršeno pomoću blokova od alveolarne opeke preporučene od strane UNI 8942, pravilnog i krivog oblika, za svaku visinu, uključujući postavljanje unutrašnjih i spoljašnjih skela i sve ostalo sto je neophodno da radovi budu korektno izvedeni: blokovi dimenzija 25x25 cm,sa rupama u horizontalnom pravcu i procentom u rasponu 60 ÷ 70%, zidanje ispune, contropareti,razdelnici: debljine 12.5 cm.
Mq 158,70
17) Vatrostalna cev kvadratnog preseka formirana pomoću veštačke cevi radi predostrožnosti, unutar monolitnog vibrokompresovanog sendvič zida napravljenog od specijalnih betonskih blokova, unutrašnje izolacije sa staklenom vunom, pogodne za prenos proizvoda sagorevanja u skladu sa parametrima propisanim u UNI zakona pod br. 615/66, koji sadrži propise i nalaze T 90 ° za uključivanje bojlera, pregled obavljen pomoću vatrostalne ploče koja sakuplja kondenzaciju u nerđajućem čeliku, do isključivanja poklopca na dimnjaku i ploče za zatvaranje dimnjaka: dimenzija 25x25 cm, uključujući druge mere koje bi poboljšale ovaj postupak.
M 38,00
18) Pregrada za paru se sastoji od elastoplastomericke membrane debljine 2mm ojačane aluminijumskom folijom debljine 6/100 mm, potpuno otporna na vodenu paru, postavljena na izolovani pod, posle premaza slojem bitumena, koji treba da se odvojeno premaže katranom, sa zglobovima iznad.
Mq 438,10
19) Izolaciono oblaganje cement betonske konstrukcije formirane na gradilištu pomoću 250 kg cementa tipa R i 32.5, pomalo inertno odustaje od popločavanja, premazivanja, itd. Primenjuje se proces utabavanja ili pak popločavanja pod nagibom: upotrebom gline.
Mc 1245,00
20) Vodootporni sloj se sastoji od prefabrikovanog bitumen-elastomeričkog polimera, koji funkcioniše do temperature od -25 ° C, važi za procese stvaranja plamena na izolaciji u pozadini,ne koristi se za horizontalne i površine pod nagibom. Prilikom njegove primene, isključuje se raniji pristup koji se ticao bitumena, sa preklapanjima delova na 8 ÷ 10 cm u podužnom pravcu i najmanje 15cm do vrhova ubrusa: ojačan poliesterom debljine 3mm.
Mq 438,10
21) Snabdevanje i montaža izolacionog panela spravljenog od ekspandiranog vulkanskog kamenja za terase, uz debljinu od 10cm, uključujući ostale postupke koji pospešuju ovaj proces.
Mq 415,00
22) Viša etaža se sastoji od modularnih panela 600 x 600mm, dok viša konstrukcija sadrži stubove od galvanizovanog gvozđa i dodataka u predelu osnove, kao i sistem brava sa navijenim drškama (prečnika 16mm), sa šest zareza i kopčama u rebru od galvanizovanog gvožđa, otvorenog preseka dimenzija 28 x 18 x 1 mm: konstrukcije od vatrostalnih drvenih panela, debljine 30mm, maksimalne apsorpcije vode od 35%, gustine od 720 kg / m³, da bi se na kraju konstrukcija završila: laminatom; uključujući ostale postupke koji pospešuju ovaj proces.
Mq 415,00
23) Razboj od galvanizovanog čelika veličine 0.80 * 2.10 * 0.15-0.30, montiran odgovarajućim usidrenim klamfama za zid, pri čemu se obavlja sve ostalo neophodno da radovi budu adekvatno izvedeni.
Cad. 20,00
24) Razboj od galvanizovanog čelika veličine 0.90 * 2.10 * 0.15-0.30,montiran odgovarajućim usidrenim klamfama za zid, pri čemu se obavlja sve ostalo neophodno da radovi budu adekvatno izvedeni.
Cad. 10,00
25) Razboj od galvanizovanog čelika veličine 1.20 * 2.40 * 0.15-0.30,montiran odgovarajućim usidrenim klamfama za zid, pri čemu se obavlja sve ostalo neophodno da radovi budu adekvatno izvedeni.
Cad. 2,00
26) Razboj od galvanizovanog čelika veličine 1.6 * 2.10 * 0.15-0.30,montiran odgovarajućim usidrenim klamfama za zid, pri čemu se obavlja sve ostalo neophodno da radovi budu adekvatno izvedeni.
Cad. 1,00
27) Unutrašnja drvena vrata sa pokretnim vratima i furnirskim ivicama, dovršena u furnirskim trakama debljine 8 / 11 mm, bandažirana navojima, i ostali gvozdeni elementi za obezbeđivanje, pomeranje i zatvaranje, standardne veličine 210x80-90cm: sa uglačanim vratima.
Cad. 29,00
28) Klizeća drvena vrata sa pokretnim krilima i furnirskim ivicama, oivičena dugačkim furnirskim ramom debljine 8/11 mm, bandaže i brava se sastoje od višeslojne ploče sa rezom, standardne veličine 210x 160cm: glatkoće: lakirana.
Cad. 1,00
29) Klizeća vrata sa dvoje drvenih pokretnih i tamburate krila i furnirskim ivicama, oivičena furnirskim ramom debljine 8/11 mm, navoji i brava se sastoje od višeslojne ploče sa rezom, standardne veličine 210x60-70-80 cm: uglačanost: tanganika orahovo drvo.
Cad. 3,00
30) Glatki pragovi od mermernih ploča debljine 10cm, širine od 60cm i dužine 1.50m sa uglačanom površinom i ukrašenim delovima ili jednostavno zaobljenim, uključujući zidarske radove, gipsano malterisanje, popunjavanje spojeva i klamfi, kao i druge postupke koji bi pospešili ove radove.
M. 58,00
31) Glatki pragovi od mermernih ploča debljine 10cm, širine od 60cm i dužine 2.0m sa uglačanom površinom i ukrašenim delovima ili jednostavno zaobljenim, uključujući zidarske radove, gipsano malterisanje, popunjavanje spojeva i klamfi, kao i druge postupke koji bi pospešili ove radove.
M. 45,00
32) Nabavljanje i montaža poklopca za dimnu cev ili podizanje nagomilanog prirodnog cementa montiranog uz oblaganje lažnog poklopca od betona veličine 25 * 25 cm,uključujući druge postupke koji bi pospešili ovaj proces.
Cad. 6,00
33) Pokrivanje, konverzija i slični radovi koji se tiču daljeg projektovanja, instalacija na predviđenim površinama, sa zakovanim preklapanjima, zavarivanje, uključujući oblikovanje, nagibe, zaostatke, klamfe,usidrene delove, komadići za isecanje dimenzija. Procena po m² sledeceg povećanja dužine od 110cm: bakar, dimenzija 8/10.
Mq. 165,60
34) Realizacija i izvođenje stepenica od armiranog betona obloženih kamenom (kako je predstavljeno u izvođačkom projektu), uključujući armaturu, kao i ostale postupke koji bi pospešili ovaj proces.
Mc 8,53
35) Aluminijumski profil sa bronzanim premazom okruglog, pločastog, kvadratnog ili uglastog preseka za balkone i stepenišne ograde, sa fiksiranim ili pokretnim letvama, šarkama, stubovima, bravama, kompasima, vođicama i ostalim gvozdenim pričvršćivačima,otvaranje i zatvaranje, sa rupama, pločama,zavrtnjevima, elektrodama, itd. motiranim preko vijaka ili zavarivanjem, uključujući antikorozivni sloj i zidanje, kao i druge postupke koji bi poboljšali ovaj proces.
Cad. 60,00
36) Pribavljanje i montaža zaštitne zidne ventilacije napravljene od kukom usidrenih nerđajućih elemenata, zakovanih za strukturu od vertikalno postavljenog aluminijuma. Format zaštitnog kamenja je AURISINA CHIARA, debljine 2cm i veličine 60*60 cm; uključujući i označenu liniju na (solarnim) krovovima koja se sastoji od sloja kamenja dimenzija 30*60cm,kao i elemente koji su potrebni za porubljivanje arhitektonskih otvora. Kompletan postupak uključuje povezivanje sa glavnom konstrukcijom (zidovi od armiranog betona) i ostalo sto je potrebno da ti radovi budu što bolje izvedeni.
Mq. 990,50
37) Mešani gips za enterijer, baziran na anidrenu, inertnom krečnjaku i određenim aditivima, maksimalne otpornosti na vatru REI 180, nanosi se u vidu spreja na opeku ili beton, debljine 1.5 cm,ravnomerno.
Mq 3923,54
38) Završni rad sa mešavinom baziranom na cementnim vezivima i inertno nanošenje rukom do debljine od najmanje 3mm, uključujući i još neki postupak koji bi pospešio ovaj proces.
Mq 3923,54
39) Farbanje vodenom farbom po površinama u tri sloja, uključujući pripremu date površine: na unutrašnjoj površini pomoću farbe koja se može prati, uključujući i još neki postupak koji bi pospešio ovaj proces.
Mq 3923,54
40) Pod od lameliranog drveta, osušen i obrisan, širine 10cm, 20mm debljine, 400 ÷ 900 mm dužine, vlažnosti 9% ± 2%, montiran na drvenoj podlozi , uz sečenje, oblikovanje i lakiranje; uključujući druge mere koje bi poboljšale ovaj proces.
Mq 350,35
41) Podne daske od lameliranog drveta, od 10cm širine, 20 mm debljine, 900mm dužine, vlažnosti 9% ± 2%, montirane na zaštitni zid pomoću specijalnog lepka i učvršćene gvožđem, uključujući sečenje, oblikovanje i lakiranje; uključujući druge mere koje bi poboljšale ovaj proces.
M 214,80
42) Massetto za fabrički pod formiran pomoću betona Rck 25 N/mmq obradljivosti klase S4, ručno nanošen, debljine 10cm.
Mq 778,40
43) Industrijski pod visoke mehaničke otpornosti sa sintetičkim epoksidnim malterom,na masseto, poliran, debljine 7mm, otporan na ulje, kiselinu i vlagu.
Mq 778,40
44) Snabdevanje i montaža bronzanih aluminijumskih prozornih ramova čiji se neki delovi mogu otvarati dok su neki fiksirani. Čitava montaža uključuje ramove, potrebno gvožđe za sidrenje,potreban gipsani malter i ostale mere za adekvatno izvođenje.
Mq 52,00
45) Nabavljanje i montaža spoljašnjih granitnih podnica, uključujući pripremu sloja massetto koji ide ispod, i planiranje popločavanja, periferne ivičnjake,i ostale postupke za adekvatno izvođenje.
Mq 60,75
46) Formiranje ukrasnih rezervoara (za vodu) debljine 10cm, uključujući formiranje perifrnih ivičnjaka, higrometričnog izolacionog sloja formiranog od staklenih panela međusobno dobro uklopljenih, uključujući ostale postupke koji bi poboljšali izvođenje.
Mq 40,00
47) Automatizovani tip instalacije električnog lifta izveden po sledećem: napajanje preko baterija postavljenih unutar kontrolnog okvira, maksimalne snage od 400W; kontrolni okvir unutar metalnog kabineta postavljen izvan pokretnog odeljka; grupa za vučnu snagu sastoji se iz magnetnog, električnog motora (2KW) i reduktora sa podmazanim vijkom, postavljenog na specijalnu šasiju postavljenu unutar pokretnog odeljka na vrhu šina,formiranih od profila otvorenog poligonalnog preseka, hladnooblikovanog pločastog čelika; kabina od plastičnih ploča i čeličnih profila veličine koja zavisi od svrhe objekta, sa servisnom kontrolnom pločom koja objedinjuje opremu i mogućnost izveštavanja po referentnim stavkama; automatizovana vrata kabine, upravljanje preko električnog operatora sa teleskopskim vratima ili vratima suprotnim od njih koja su od aluminijuma. Nekoliko vrata sa vratima kabine koja mogu biti automatizovana ili poluautomatizovana, izvedena sa pokretnim vratima koja su od plastike, sa šasijom koja je napravljena sa komandnom konzolom, oprema za upravljanje i izveštavanje u skladu sa propisima; nominalne nosivosti 300-600 Kg u zavisnosti od površine kabine; nominalna maksimalna brzina 0.5m / s. Montaža se vrši čim se ustanovi da je ispunjena puna funkcionalnost u skladu sa regulativama, testiranjima, pripremama za poslednju proveru, isključujuci zidarske radove koji se tiču montaže, obezbediti povezanost sa telefonskom linijom. Uključiti neke druge postupke koji bi mogli da poboljšaju izvršenje ovog procesa.
Cad. 1,00
48) Obezbeđivanje i montaža vrata na krovu za pristup krovnoj konstrukciji uključujući neophodnu tehničku opremu i ostale radnje koje bi mogle da poboljšaju ovaj postupak.
Cad. 1,00
49) Cene po satu uključuju prosečne opšte i poslovne zarade, za izvedene radove tokom regularnog radnog vremena. Cene uključuju: platu po dogovoru, zakonske troškove i kao nametnutu stavku, radnu snagu i korišćenje alata i pribora.
50) Predviđanje troškova u grejnoj instalaciji, bez pomoćnih aktivnosti asemblera, kao procenat cene( procenat fabričkih troškova ) uključuje se: bojler, ringla i konvektori, ne ubraja se: rezervoar i njegove instalacije.
51) Predviđanje troskova za instalaciju „mašina sa vodom“ obuhvata puno uređaja i opreme, bez pomoćnih aktivnosti asemblera kao procenta fabričkih troškova.
52) Predviđanje troškova za postavljanje čeličnih cevi montiranih za sanitarne uređaje.
53) Predviđanje troškova za montiranje električne opreme,bez opreme za osvetljenje, pomoćnih aktivnosti asemblera, u vidu procenta prosečne cene za instalaciju struje.
54) Predviđanje troškova za instalaciju lifta uključujući radnu snagu pomoću asemblera, kao procenat cene.
Source text - English REPORT NO. 25115-167 about disquisition of the winding clutch
1. CLIENT OF THE DISQUISITION
MING, Obilićev venac 15 Beograd, according to inquiry from date 10.11.2008.
2. DELIVERED STUFF
Two examples of the winding clutch were delivered for the disquisition, signed as Ž01.001.01 and two examples of brake block hanger. In addition to these examples, orderer has delivered complete documentation for all elements of the winding clutch.
3. CLIENT REQUIREMENT
Perform a disquisition of the delivered example of winding clutch according to conditions from UIC 826.
4. RESULT OF THE DISQUISITION
4.1. Testing of chemical composition
Results of chemical composition are took over from the manufacturers sertificate and represented in the table No.1 The number of the batch
Table 1. Chemical composition according to sertificates delivered from the Client
4.2. Inflexibility measurement
Inflexibility measurement is accomplished according to conditions from standard JUS C.A4.003 and its results are represented in a table No.2. Measurement places are defined on the base of standard UIC 826 shown on pictures No. 1 and 5.
Picture 1. Places of inflexibility measurement on the stirrup.
Picture 2. Places of inflexibility measurement on the stud bolt
Picture 3. Places of inflexibility measurement on the nut
Picture 4. Places of inflexibility measurement on the winding cylinder
Picture 5. Measurement places on the brake block hanger
Table 2. Results of inflexibility measurement on delivered examples HB 5/7500/15*
Stirrup Stud bolt Nut Winding cylinder Brake block hanger
4.3. Disquisition with bracketing
According to claims from standard UIC 826, test tubes were made from delivered elements of the winding clutch. Sampling position is presented in the picture No.6. Results of disquisition made on the room temperature are displayed in table No. 3.
Picture 6 Sampling positions of test tubes for examination of mechanical properties
4.4. Disquisition of the impact energy
According to claims from standard UIC 826, test tubes were made from delivered elements of the winding clutch. Results of disquisition made on the room temperature are displayed in table No. 4. Features of fracture surfaces of test tubes for examination of the impact energy are shown in the pictures from 7 to 11.
Table 3. Results of disquisition with bracing*
Liquid stress, Tensile strength, Straining, Contraction
ANNOTATIONS:
* Number of disquisition test tubes is defined by standard UIC 826. Where were adequately conditions, there were 3 test tubes examinated.
** The cutoff of the test tube has appeared in dies of kidalica. It was impossible to scan values. According to nut dimensions, it was possible to make only one standard test tube.
Table 4. Results of the impact energy examination on the room temperature
Examination temperature, Impact energy, Arithmetic mean
4.5. Disquisition with test load
According to conditions from standard UIC 826 there was disquisition of the complete interface of the winding clutch.
Disquisition with test load according to standard UIC 826 first specifies introducing of the bracing force of 35 kN. After that, it is recommended to measure distances between spots
a, b, c, d, e, f g. There is a draft of positions of span places on the picture No. 12. After that, the winding cylinder is bracing upon to bracing force which is slightly above the 350 kN and remains on it for 1 minute at least. After that, distances between all spots on the picture no.12 should be measured again.
Results for examination of distances between span spots, defined according to UIC 826 performed on kidalica AMSLE 1000kN are shown in table No. 5.
Picture 12. The position of repera on the winding shaft
Table 5 Results of the examination of the winding shaft with test load
Test load, Reper spots, Distance between repera
ANNOTATION:None of the specific measures between repera did not exceed maximum number difference defined with UIC 826 (between the load with force of 350 kN and unloading at 35 kN) the value is 0,2%, respectively, for a measure of the reperna tacka e, maximum licitly value is 0,5%
After deformation disquition – distances between repernih tacaka, the examination continues to the force of 850 kN and lasts to 3 min. During achieving of the prescribed force, there should not be any cracks on elements of the winding clutch.
During testing with test force of the winding clutch, the force which is achieved amounts 853 kN and at that kind of force, the clutch has been withholded for 4 min after which comes unloading. At the force of 853 kN, there were no cracks of any element of winding clutch.
After removing of the winding clutch from the kidalica, it was performed disquisition with magnetic particles, after which has been noticed that there were no cracks. There is a winding cylinder on the kidalica AMSLER with latitude of 1000kN, on picture 13.
4.6 Disquisition of brake block hanger to the breakdown
Disquisition of brake block hanger is achieved with attendance of the official of ŽTP Beograd, Mr. Miroslav Velemir and Mr. Vlastimir Joksimović. Testing of brake force was implemented on two hangers and results are specified in table 6.
Table 6. Results of disquisition of brake force of the brake block hanger
4.7. Disquisition with Bauman pressure
Disquisition with Bauman pressure (BO), represents an old method for finding of mistakes on forged steel. This method has been developed in twenty years of last century for defining of mistakes of coining of the steel which had more impurities in that time.
Results of testing according to delivered sertificates of manufacturer , shows expected purity. As the main cause of disquisition with BO should be finding of mistakes in coining, especially superficial and subsuperficial, we recommend examination with magnetic particles. The main condition is to perform disquisition before painting of elements of winding clutch.
The preference of this kind of examination is quickness of the experiment and possibility of examination of the complete surface of the forged steel.
5. CONCLUSION
Based on completed tests we can notice:
Delivered example of stirrup is made of steel with quality mark Č.4732, according to standard JUS C.B9.021/1989 year.
Delivered example of stud bolt is made of steel with quality mark Č.1731, according to standard JUS C.B9.021/1989 year. Based on table 4 in standard JUS C.B9.021. for volume of steel from 40 to 100mm, there is no prescribed value for the impact energy.
Delivered example of the nut is made of steel with quality mark Č.4732, according to standard JUS C.B9.021/1989 year.
Delivered example of the winding cylinder is made of steel with quality mark Č.4131, according to standard JUS C.B9.021/1989 year.
Delivered example of brake block hanger is made of steel with quality mark Č.4131, according to standard JUS CB9.021/1989 year.
According to accomplished disquisitions, it is noticed that examinations of winding clutch and its elements have completely fulfilled conditions of standard UIC 826.
Translation - Serbian IZVEŠTAJ BROJ 25115-167 o ispitivanju navojnog kvačila
1. NARUČILAC ISPITIVANJA
MING, Obilićev venac 15 Beogard, prema zahtevu od 10.11.2008. godine.
2. DOSTAVLJENI MATERIJAL
Na ispitrvanje su dostavljena dva uzorka navojnog kvačila, šifra proizvoda Ž01.001.01 i dva uzorka vešalice. Pored dostavljenih uzoraka, Naručilac je dostavio kompletnu dokumentaciju svih elemenata navojnog vratila.
4.1. Ispitivanje hemijskog sastava
Rezutali ispitivanja hemijskog sastava su preuzeti iz sertitikata proizvodača i prikazani su u tabeli 1. Broj šarže
Tabela 1. Hemijski sastav prema sertifikatima dostavljenim od Naručioca
4.2. Merenje tvrdoće
Merenje tvrđoće je izvršeno prema zahtevima standarda JUS C.A4.003 a rezultati ispitivanja su prikazani u tabeli 2. Mesta merenja su odredena na osnovu UIC 826 standarda prikazana na slikama 1 do 5.
Slika 1. mesta merenja tvrdoće na stremenu Slika 2. Mesta merenja tvrdoće na svornjaku
Slika 3. Mesta merenja tvrdoće na navrtki Slika 4. Mesta merenja na navojnom vretenu
Slika 5. Mesta merenja na vešalici
Tabela 2. Rezultati merenja tvrdoće na dostavljenim uzorcima HB 5/7500/15*
Stremen Svornjak Navrtka Navojno vreteno Vešalica
4.3. Ispitivanje zatezanjem
Iz dostavljenih uzoraka, odnosno elemenata navojnog vretena, izrađene su epruvete prema zahtevima standarda UIC 826, a položaj uzorkovanja je prikazan na slici 6. Rezultati ispitivanja izvršenih na sobnoj temperaturi su prikazani u tabeli 3
Slika 6 Mesta uzorkovanja epruveta za ispitivanje mehaničkih osobina
4.4. Ispitivanje energije udara
Iz doslavljenih uzoraka, odnosno elemenata navojnog vretena, izrаđane su epruvete prema zahtevima standarda UIC 826, a položaj uzorkovanja je prikazan na slici 6 Rezullali ispitivanja izvršenih na sobnoj temperaturi su prikazani u labeli 4 Slike prelomnih površina epruveta za ispitivanje energije udara su prikazane na slikama 7 do
11.
Tabela 3. Rezultati ispitivanja zatezanjem*
Napon tečenja, Zatezna čvrstoća, Izduženje, Kontrakcija
NAPOMENE:
* Broj epruveta za ispitivanje je određen UIC 826 standardom. Gde je bllo
moguće, ispltane su 3 epruvete
** Do preklda epruvete je došlo u čeljustima kidalice, usled čega nije bilo
moguće očltati vrednosti, usled dimenzija navrtke bilo je moguće izraditi
samo jednu standarnu epruvetu.
Tabela 4. Rezultati ispitivanja energije udara na sobnoj temperatura
Ispitna temperatura, Energija udara, Srednja vrednost
4.5. Ispitivanje probnim opterećenjem
Prema uslovima ispitivanja navedenim u standardu UIC 826 izvršeno je ispitivanje celog sklopa navojnog kvačila.
Postupak ispitivanja probnim opterećenjem prema standardu UIC 826 predviđa u prvom koraku uvođenje zatezne sile od 35 kN. nakon čega se mere rastojanja između mernih tačaka a, b, c, d, e, f g. Na slici 12 je prikazana skica položaja mernih tačaka, odnosno repera. Nakon toga se navojno vreteno zateže do sile, neznatno više od 350 kN i zadržava na dostignutoj sili najmanje 1 minut. Nakon toga se ponovo mere rastojanja između svih repera prikazanih na slici 12
Rezultati ispitivanja rastojanja između mernih tačaka, definisanih prema UIC 826. izvedenih na kidalici AMSLE 1000kN prikazani su u tabeli 5.
Slika 12. Položaj repera na zavojnom vratilu
Tabela 5 Rezultati ispitivanja navojnog kvačila probnim opterećenjem
Probno opterećenje, Reperne tačke, Rastojanje izemđu repera
NAPOMENA: Ni jedna od karakteristlčnih mera između repera, nije premašila standardom UIC 826 najveću dozvoljenu vrednost razliku (između opterećenja pri 350 kN i rasterećenja na 35 kN) od 0,2%, odnosno za meru reperne tačke e, najveću dozvoljenu vrednost od 0,5%
Nakon ispitivanja deformacija - rastojanja između repernih tačaka, ispitivanje probnim opterećenjem se nastavlja do sile od 850 kN u trajanju od 3 min. Prilikom dostizanja propisane sile ne sme doći do pojave prslina ni na jednom elementu navojnog kvačila.
Prilikom ispitivanja probnom silom navojnog kvačila dostignuta je sila od 853 kN i pri toj sili je kvačilo zadržano u trajanju od 4 min nakon čega je izvršeno rasterećenje. Pri dostignutoj sili od 853 kN, nije došlo do loma ni jednog od elemenata navojnog kvačila.
Nakon skidanja navojnog kvačila sa kidalice, izvršeno je ispitivanje magnetnim česticama, nakon čega je konstatovano odsustvo prslina usled ispitivanja probnim opterećenjem. Na slici 13 je prikazan izgled navojnog kvačila na kidalici AMSLER opsega 1000 kN.
Slika 13. Izgled navojnog vretena na kidalici AMSLER 1000 kN
4.6 Ispitivanje vešalica do prekida
Ispitivanje vešalica je izvršeno u prisustvu predstavnika ŽTP Beograd, g. Miroslav Velemira i g. Vlastimira Joksimovića. Isprtivanje prekidne sile je izvršeno na dve vešalice a rezultati su prikazani u tabeli 6.
Tabela 6. Rezultati ispitivanja prekidne sile vešalice
4.7. Ispitivanje Baumanovim otiskom
Ispitivanje Baumanovim otiskom (BO), u cilju utvrđivanja grešaka kod otkovaka predstavlja staru metodu. Ova metoda je razvijena dvadesetih godina dvadesetog veka u cilju utvrđivanja grešaka kovanja kod tadašnjih čelika koji su, u odnosu na savremene čelika, imali povišen sadržaj nečistoća.
Rezultati ispitivanja prema dostavljenim sertitikatima proizvođača, pokazuju očekivani sadržaj nemetalnih uključaka, odnosno očekivanu čistoću. Kako je cilj ispitivanja Baumanovim otiskom isprtivanja grešaka kovanja, posebno površinskih i bliskih podpovršinskih, u prijemnoj kontroli, umesto ispitivanja BO predlažemo ispitivanje magnetnim česticama. Jedini uslov za ispitivanje magnetnim česticama umesto ispitivanja baumanovim otiskom, je izvođenje ispitivanja pre nanošenja boje na elemente navojnog kvačila.
Prednost ispitivanja magnetnim česticama u odnosu na BO, u cilju određivanja površinskih grešaka usled kovanja je brzina ispitivanja i mogućnost ispitivanja cele površine otkovka umesto jednog, slučajno odabranog, preseka.
5. ZAKLJUČAK
Na osnovu izvršenih ispitivanja može se zaključili sledeće:
Dostavljeni uzorak stremena je izrađen od čelika koji najpribližnije odgovara čeliku oznake kvaliteteta Č.4732. prema zahtevima JUS C.B9.021/1989 godine.
Dostavljeni uzorak svornjaka je izrađen od čelika koji najpribližnije odgovara čeliku oznake kvalileteta Č.1731, prema zahtevima JUS C.B9.021/1989 godine. Na osnovu tabele 4 standarda JUS C.B9.021. za opseg prečnika od 40 do 100 mm, nije propisana najmanja dozvoljena vrednost energije udara.
Dostavljeni uzorak navrtke je izrađen od čelika koji najpribližnije odgovara čeliku oznake kvaliteteta Č.4732, prema zahtevima JUS C.B9.021/1989 godine.
Dostavljeni uzorak navojnog vretena je izrađen od čelika koji najpribližnije odgovara čeliku oznake kvaliteteia Č.4131. prema zahtevima JUS C.B9.021/1989 godine.
Dostavljeni uzorak vešalice je izrađen od čelika koji najpribližnije odgovara čeliku oznake kvaliteta Č.4131, prema zahtevima JUS CB9.021/1989 godine.
Na osnovu svih izvršenih ispitivanja može se reći da su ispitivanja elemenata navojnog kvačila, kao i ispitivanja navojnog kvačila ucelo ispunila zahteve slandarda UIC 826.
English to Serbian: Pijanist virtuoz
Source text - English The Virtuoso Pianist In 60 Exercises
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The Virtuoso Pianist in 60 Exercises, by Charles-Louis Hanon, is a compilation of 60 exercises meant to train the pianist in speed, precision, agility, and strength of all of the fingers and flexibility in the wrists. The Virtuoso Pianist is Hanon's most well-known work, and still widely used today by piano instructors and pupils.
The exercises address common problems which could hamper the performance abilities of a student. These include "crossing of the thumb," strengthening of the fourth and fifth fingers, and quadruple- and triple-trills. The exercises are meant to be individually mastered and then played consecutively in the sections they are placed in. Apart from increasing technical abilities of the student, when played in groups at higher speeds, the exercises will also help to increase endurance.
The exercises are divided in three parts.
The first part, consisting of exercises 1 - 20, is labeled "preparatory exercises." These are also the most famous exercises.
The second part, consisting of exercises 21 - 43, is labeled "further exercises for the development of a virtuoso technique." This more difficult section is meant to be played after the pianist has fully mastered Part 1. Part 2 includes scales and arpeggios.
The third part, consisting of exercises 44-60, is labeled "virtuoso exercises for mastering the greatest technical difficulties." Since this section is considerably more difficult, Hanon recommends the mastery of both previous parts before proceeding to this one. This part includes repeated notes, repeated double notes, scales in thirds and octaves, tremolos, and more.
After all three parts are mastered, Hanon recommends all exercises be played through daily to retain technique.
[edit] Criticisms of The Exercises
The exercises are not without their detractors. Some, such as Abby Whiteside have dismissed the very notion of finger independence which they are intended to encourage, insisting instead that only a technique based on the use of the humerus can be effective.
One pitfall is that practicing the Hanon exercises with imperfect technique will reinforce the technique errors via endless repetition. Students who don't apply the requisite keen technical meticulousness to their study of these exercises (or who lack qualified and diligent teachers) may risk "burning in" their technical errors. More seriously, poor technique, especially when exacerbated by narrow repetition, can give rise to repetitive stress injuries - to which pianists are notoriously susceptible.
The most common criticism of the Hanon exercises is that having students drill on purely physical exercises results in an unmusical, mechanistic attitude toward the piano. Practicing in an unmusical way dulls one's musical instincts, especially when forced upon children and beginners, who need to cultivate their musicality rather than inure themselves to rote physicality. Training in most art forms involves practicing technique, however repetitively, within artistic context. Switching one's musicality on or off to suit context divides the student into two pianists: the performing, musical one, and the drilling, unmusical one. It's more efficacious to practice one's musicality as one practices one's technique. Furthermore, musicality drives technique; the flow of musical expression is a potent motivator to finger agility.
The problems with Hanon exercises and similar methods are well-stated by Ching Chong Chang [1]:
If we concentrate only on developing "finger technique" and neglect music during practice, we can pick up non-musical playing habits. Non-musical playing is an absolute no-no at all times because it is one form of mistake. One common symptom of this mistake is the inability to play the lesson pieces when the teacher (or anyone else!) is listening. When an audience is present, these students make strange errors that they didn't make during "practice". This happens because the students practiced without regard for music but suddenly realized that music must now be added because someone is listening. Unfortunately, until lesson time, they had never really practiced musically! Another symptom of non-musical practice is that the student feels uncomfortable practicing when others can hear them. Piano teachers know that students need to practice musically in order to acquire technique. What is right for the ears and the brain turns out to be right for the human playing mechanism. Both musicality and technique require accuracy and control. Practically any technical flaw can be detected in the music. At the very least, the music is the supreme test of whether the technique is right or wrong. ...many students tend to practice neglecting the music and preferring to "work" when no one is around to listen. Such practice methods produce "closet pianists" who love to play but can't perform. If students are taught to practice musically all the time, this type of problem will not even exist; performing and practice are one and the same.
Chang notes that there are more musical ways of practicing and developing technique, such as Bach's Two part Inventions, and careful use of HT (hands together) and HS (hands separate) practice techniques.
Hao Huang agrees [2]:
There is nothing more dulling than hours spent mindlessly going over finger patterns. This does not prepare you to be either a pianist or a musician. Too often, teachers assign technical exercises as a shortcut to technical mastery. It is easier to assign pages from an exercise book than to analyze and break down the physical elements in a specific difficult passage of music. Teachers need to guard against the idea of technical exercises as panacea....Dorothy Delay is one of the well known pedagogues who campaigns against technical exercises, asserting that they do far more damage than good. Certainly, indiscriminate practicing of exercises can damage a pianist just as forcing repetition of a difficult piece.
[edit] Trivia
• In the finale of Dmitri Shostakovich's Piano Concerto No. 2, the piano part at one point contains a series of running figures which are obviously derived from the Hanon exercises. Since the concerto was dedicated to (and premiered by) his son Maxim, some have suggested that these passages are a reference to the Hanon exercises Shostakovich would have heard his young son practicing.[citation needed]
• The pianist and songwriter Bruce Hornsby wrote a song titled "Spider Fingers" which uses the technique from Exercise 40. Hornsby makes a direct allusion to the technique in the lyrics[1]: "It's just a little hand trick/A little prestidigitation/Better get out your Hanon/Practice that repetition"
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Hanon exercises for folks who don’t read sheet music (part 2) »
Hanon exercises for folks who don’t read sheet music (part 1)
February 3rd, 2008
“Hanon” is a famous set of exercises to train your fingers for the piano. Through this practice your finger technique will become faster, stronger, and more precise.
The name comes from French composer Charles-Louis Hanon (1819-1900), who bundled these finger workouts in his book The Virtuoso Pianist in Sixty Exercises.
This is the first article in a two-part series that explains how to play the first 5 exercises.
Don’t worry if you don’t know how to read sheet music — I’ll explain in detail what notes to play and which fingers to use.
Let’s get started!
Exercise 1
The sheet music (just in case you know how to read it) looks like this:
Hanon exercises are played with both hands at the same time. If you are new to an exercise, first practice the right hand alone, then the left hand alone, and finally both hands together.
The right hand (the black notes) starts at the C below middle C.
The left hand (the blue notes) starts an octave below that.
(If your keyboard doesn’t have that many keys, you can start an octave higher. It doesn’t really matter where you start, as long as it’s on a C.)
The numbers in the picture above are finger numbers. They are the same for both hands:
1 Thumb
2 Pointer (index finger)
3 Middle finger
4 Ring finger
5 Pinky (little finger)
This is how we begin the exercise, right hand only:
• Play the C below middle C with the right thumb.
• Skip a white key to play the E above the C with your pointer finger.
• Play the next three white keys with your remaining three fingers: F, G, A.
• Then go back down again with the same fingers: G, F, and stop at E.
You should have played these 8 notes: C-E-F-G-A-G-F-E
These are 8 eighth notes, so together they form exactly one measure.
Repeat this pattern until it feels comfortable.
Let the right hand rest for a little, and play the left hand part:
• Play the low C with the left pinky.
• Skip a white key to play the E with your ring finger.
• Play the next three white keys with your remaining three fingers: F, G, A.
• Then go back down again with the same fingers: G, F, and stop at E.
Again, you played these 8 notes: C-E-F-G-A-G-F-E.
This is true for all Hanon exercises: both hands play the same notes, but with different fingers.
Now try both hands together.
Did you manage that? Great! Let’s move on, because the exercise isn’t complete yet. We’ve only played the first measure so far.
Moving up
Move both hands one white key up the keyboard (i.e. to the right). The left pinky and the right thumb are now both at a D.
Repeat the pattern to play the notes: D-F-G-A-B-A-G-F
Notice that we skip the E this time!
When this measure is complete, we move one white key up the keyboard again. Repeat this for a total of 14 measures. That’s right; we’re going up two octaves.
Keep moving up until you’ve played: B-D-E-F-G-F-E-D
This was the last measure upwards.
Your left pinky should now be at the B below middle C. The right thumb is at the B above middle C.
(Or, if you prefer to look at it from the other side: The highest note — under your left thumb and right pinky — is a G.)
Moving down again
Not only does each Hanon exercise move two octaves up the keyboard (ascending), it also moves two octaves down again (descending).
We just completed the moving-up part. Now we turn around and go back:
The climb down of each Hanon exercise usually mirrors the climb up. Noticed that we kept skipping a key as we went up the keyboard? We’ll also skip a key going down.
However, not all is the same. The hand positions will be different, so pay attention!
The right hand plays:
Pinky (5) G above middle C
Ring finger (4) Skip a key and play the E below
Middle finger (3) Play the D
Pointer (2) Play the C
Thumb (1) Play the B
Pointer (2) Play the C again
Middle finger (3) Play the D again
Ring finger (4) Play the E again
So that’s: G-E-D-C-B-C-D-E
(Recall that our starting note, G, is the highest note on which we ended the ascent. So our left thumb and right pinky are already in the right place.)
The left hand plays the same notes, one octave lower:
Thumb (1) G
Pointer (2) E
Middle finger (3) D
Ring finger (4) C
Pinky (5) B
Ring finger (4) C again
Middle finger (3) D again
Pointer (2) E again
That’s the first measure. As you might have guessed, for the next measure we move all fingers one white key down and play the same pattern:
F-D-C-B-G-B-C-D
Keep on doing this until you are back where you started. Again this is 14 measures, or 2 octaves.
Congratulations! You’ve just mastered Hanon exercise 1!
Playing tips
Play it like you mean it!
You don’t need to smash the keys through the keyboard, but do press them down firmly. This especially applies to your weakest fingers: the pinky and ring finger.
As Hanon puts it: “Lift the fingers high and with precision, playing each note very distinctly.”
Important: Use the proper fingering! The exercises were specifically designed to use these fingerings — to play them with other fingers defeats their purpose.
It is best if you play along with a metronome. Start each exercise at 60 and gradually increase up to 108 (or faster if you like to show off).
You could set the metronome to 8 ticks per measure, because the exercises are all in eighth notes, so that’s one tick per note.
A new exercise may not always be easy at first, but that’s the point: if your fingers were already strong enough, you wouldn’t have to train them!
The exercises will get easier in time. At some point playing them becomes automatic and you don’t even have to think about it anymore. Hanon is also a good brain exercise!
Until then: take it slow. It’s more important to be precise than to be fast.
If you find this web site helpful, you are welcome to leave something in the tip jar. Thanks!
Translation - Serbian Pijanist virtuoz u 60 vezbi
Pijanist virtuoz u 60 vezbi, po Carls Luis Hanonu, predstavlja kompilaciju od 60 vezbi predvidjenih za obucavanje pijanista u brzini, preciznosti, gipkosti kao i snazi svih prstiju i fleksibilnosti zglobova. Pijanist Virtuoz predstavlja najpoznatiji Hanonov rad, i danas je siroko rasprostranjen medju studentima i ucenicima sirom sveta. Vezbe se odnose na opste probleme koji bi mogli da sputavaju sposobnosti ucenika. U njih se ubrajaju “ukrstanje palceva”, ojacavanje cetvrtog i petog prsta kao i cetvorostruki i trostruki trileri. Vezbe su predvidjene da budu pojedinacno savladane a zatim izvodjene konsekutivno u oblastima kojima pripadaju. Odvojeno od rastucih tehnickih sposobnosti ucenika, prilikom izvodjenja u grupama i pri vecoj brzini, vezbe ce omoguciti da se poveca izdrzljivost. Vezbe su podeljene u tri dela Prvi deo, koji sadrzi vezbe 1-20, oznacava “pripremne vezbe”. Takodjer, ove vezbe seubrajaju u najpoznatije. Drugi deo, koji sadrzi vezbe 21-43, se obelezava pod nazivom “dalje vezbe za poboljsavanje virtuozne tehnike”. Ovaj znatno tezi deo je predvidjen da se izvodi nakon sto pijanist potpuno savlada 1. Deo. Deo 2, ukljucuje skale i arpeggios. Treci deo, koji sadrzi vezbe 44-60, oznacen je kao “ virtuozne vezbe za savladavanje najvecih tehnickih poteskoca”. S obzirom da se ovaj deo smatra znatno tezim, Hanon preporucuje savladavanje prethodnih dvaju vezbi pre nego sto se predje na pomenutu. Ovaj deo ukljucuje ponovljene tonove, ponovljene duple tonove, skale u trecinama i oktavama, tremole i vise. Nakon sto su sva tri dela savladana, Hanon preporucuje da se sve vezbe dalje izvode svakodnevno radi odrzavanja tehnike.
Kritike na temu Vezbi
Vezbe svakako ne mogu da prodju bez kritika. Pojedini, poput Ebi Vajtsajd, su odbacili pojam o nezavisnosti prstiju, pri cemu nastoje da, umesto toga, naglase kako jedino tehnika bazirana na upotrebi Humerusa moze da se pokaze kao efikasna.Jedna od zamki jeste da uvezbavanje vezbi Hanona pomocu nesavrsene tehnike moze dovesti do porasta tehnickih gresaka putem beskrajnog ponavljanja. Ucenici koji ne primenjuju potrebnu ostru tehnicku preciznost pri ucenju ovih vezbi ( ili koji imaju cmanje kvalifikovane predavace), mogu biti izlozeni riziku da “sagore” u svojim tehnickim greskama. Jos ozbiljnije, siromasna tehnika, narocito pogorsana suzenim ponavljanjem, moze dovesti do stresnih situacija- kojima su pijanisti mahom skloni. Najopstija kritika u vezi vezbi Hanona jeste ta da se ucenici uvezbavaju na cisto fizickim vezbama, koje dovode do amuzikalnog, mehanistickog pristupa klaviru. Vezbanje u amuzikalnom pravcu otupljuje muzikalne instinkte, narocito ukoliko se primenjuje na deci i pocetnicima, koji moraju da kultivisu svoju muzikalnost, pre nego da se dovedu u situaciju da psihicki obole.Trening unutar mnogih umetnickih oblika ukljucuje uvezbavanje tehnike, ponavljanjem, unutar umetnickog konteksta. Preusmeravanje necije muzikalnosti u pravcu ili obrnuto od datog konteksta, deli ucenike u dve kategorije pijanista: one koji izvode, odnosno, muzikalne i one koji su uvezbani, odnosno, nemuzikalne. Efikasnije je uciti nekoga muzikalnosti, nego tehnici. Dalje, muzikalnost vodi do tehnike; talas muzikalnih izrazaja predstavlja odredjeni potencijal za gipkost prstiju. Problemi koji se ticu Hanon vezbi i slicnih metoda su navedeni od strane Ching Chong Changa (1): Ukoliko se koncentrisemo na razvoj “tehnike prstiju” a pritom zanemarimo muziku, mozemo se navici na nemuzikalno sviranje.Ne- muzikalno sviranje je potpuno neprihvatljivo jer predstavlja jedan vid greske. Jedan od osnovnih znakova koji ukazuju na ovu gresku je taj da ucenik nema sposobnost da odsvira neki deo kada predavac (ili neko drugi) slusa. Kada je prisutna publika, ovi ucenici prave greske kojih nije bilo tokom „vezbanja“. To se desava zbog toga sto ucenici vezbaju bez obzira na muziku, ali u tom momentu shvate da muzika mora da se doda zbog toga sto neko sad slusa. Nazalost, do casova vezbanja, oni nikad nisu vezbali muzikalno! Drugi znak ove ne-muzikalne vezbe je taj da se ucenik oseca neprijatno kada zna da ostali mogu da ga cuju. Predavaci znaju da ucenici moraju da vezbaju muzikalno u cilju savladavanja tehnike. Ono sto odgovara usima i mozgu postaje dobro za mehanizam sviranja. Muzikalnost i tehnika zahtevaju tacnost i kontrolu. Prakticno se, u muzici moze otkriti svaka tehnicka greska. Na kraju krajeva, muzika predstavlja najbolji pokazatelj da li je tehnika dobra ili nije mnogi studenti nastoje da vezbaju bez osvrta na muziku i da „rade“ kada ih niko drugi okolo ne slusa. Ovakve vezbe stvaraju „zatvorene pijaniste“ koji vole da sviraju ali ne i da izvode.Ukoliko su studenti uceni da vezbaju muzikalno svo vreme, ovakva vrsta problema nece ni postojati; izvodjenje i vezba postaju jedno te isto. Chang je zabelezio da postoji vise muzickih pravaca za uvezbavanje i razvoj tehnike, poput Bahovih dvodelnih izuma, i pazljive primene tehnika spojenih ruku (HT) i odvojenih ruku (HS)
Hao Huang predlaze (2): Ne postoji nista dosadnije od sati provedenih besmisleno nad tipkama. To vas uopste ne priprema da budete ni pijanist niti muzicar. Cesto, profesori smatraju vezbe tehnke precicom do tehnicke sposobnosti. Lakse je obeleziti stranice u vezbanci nego li analizirati i tumaciti fizicke elemente u odredjenim teskim pasazima u muzici. Predavaci ne bi trebalo da se drze ideje o tehnickim vezbama kao da je panaceja.....Doroti Dilej je jedan od poznatih pedagoga koji se zalazu protiv tehnickih vezbi, uz obrazlozenje da to donosi vise stete nego koristi. Naravno, izmesano izvodjenje vezbi moze ostetiti pijanistu isto kao isforsirano ponavljanje teskog dela.
Trivijalnosti
• Na kraju izvedbe Koncerta za klavir Br.2 , Dmitrija Sostakovica, izvodjenje klavirom u jednom delu sadrzi seriju brzih oblika koji su ocigledno potekli iz vezbi Hanona. Posto je koncert bio posvecen ( i izveden) od strane njegovog sina Maksima, neki su pretpostavili da su ovi pasazi referenca vezbama Hanona koje je Sostakovic slusao dok je njegov sin vezbao.
• Pijanist i tekstopisac Brus Hornsbi je napisao pesmu pod nazivom „Prsti Pauka“ koja se koristi tehnikama iz vezbe broj 40. Hornsbi je direktno aludirao na tehniku u tekstu: „ Ovo je jedan mali trik rukom/mala opsena/Bolje se izbavi iz Hanona/Vezbaj svoje ponavljanje.“
Vezbe Hanona za ljude koji nisu citali note
03.02.2008 “Hanon” predstavlja najpoznatiji skup vezbi za uvezbavanje prstiju na klaviru. Kroz ove vezbe, vasa tehnika prstiju ce postati brza, jaca i preciznija. Ime potice od francuskog kompozitora Carls-Luis Hanona (1819-1900), koji je izlozio svoje radove u knjizi Pijanist Virtuoz u 60 Vezbi . Ovo predstavlja prvi clanak u dvodelnoj seriji koji objasnjava kako izvodjenje prvih 5 vezbi. Ne brinite ukoliko ne budete znali da citate muziku sa nota- detaljno cu vam objasniti koji tonovi da se sviraju i koji prsti da se koriste. Pocnimo!
Vezba 1 Note izgledaju ovako:
Vezbe Hanona se izvode sa obe ruke i u isto vreme. Ukoliko ovo izvodite prvi put, prvo uvezbavajte samo desnu ruku, zatim samo levu, na kraju koristite obe ruke. Desna ruka (Crne note) pocinje na C ispod srednjeg C.
Leva ruka ( plave note) pocinje na oktavi ispod toga. (Ukoliko vasa klavijatura nema mnogo dirki, mozete poceti od oktave vise. Nije bitno odakle pocinjete, sve dok pocinjete od C.) Brojevi u slici iznad predstavljaju brojeve prstiju. Vaze isto za obe ruke.
1 Palac
2 Kaziprst
3 Srednji prst
4 Domali prst
5 Mali prst
Ovako pocinjemo vezbu, samo upotrebom desne ruke:
• Svirajte C ispod srednjeg C pomocu desnog palca.
• Preskocite belu dirku da bi svirali E iznad C svojim kaziprstom.
• Odsvirajte sledece tri bele dirke pomocu preostala tri prsta: F, G, A.
• Potom se vratite dole na iste prste: G, F i zaustavite se na E.
Trebalo bi da svirate ovih 8 tonova: C-E-F-G-A-G-F-E Ovo je osam 8 tonova koji zajedno cine jednu velicinu. Ponavljajte ovaj obrazac dok ne uvezbate. Neka se desna ruka odmori a pomocu leve ruke odsvirajte:
• Svirajte nisko C pomocu malog prsta leve ruke.
• Preskocite belu dirku da bi svirali E svojim domalim prstom.
• Svirajte sledece tri dirke pomocu preostala tri prsta: F, G, A.
• Zatim se vratite dole pomocu istih prstiju: G, F, i zaustavite se na E.
Ponovo odsvirajte ovih 8 tonova: C-E-F-G-A-G-F-E. Ovo vazi za sve vezbe Hanona: obe ruke sviraju iste tonove, ali razlicitim prstima. Sada probajte se obe ruke odjednom. Da li ste uspeli? Odlicno! Idemo dalje, vezba jos nije gotova. Tek smo prvi deo odsvirali.
Pomeranje navise Pomerite obe ruke za jednu belu dirku navise ( npr. U desno). Sad su levi mali prst i desni palac zajedno na D. Ponavljajte obrazac svirajuci note: D-F-G-A-B-A-G-F Primeticete da smo ovaj put preskocili E! Nakon sto zavrsimo s ovim delom, opet se pomeramo navise za jednu belu dirku. Ponovite ovaj postupak za ukupno 14 elemenata. Tako je, pomeramo se za dve oktave. Nastavite sa pomeranjem nagore dok ne odsvirate: B-D-E-F-G-F-E-D Ovo je zadnje pomeranje nagore. Vas levi mali prst bi trebalo da se nalazi na B ispod srednjeg C. Desni palac je na B iznad srednjeg C. (Ili, ukoliko vam je lakse, neka najvisi ton bude ispod levog palca a desni mali prst neka bude na G.)
Ponovno pomeranje nadole Ne samo da se Hanon bavi pomeranjem za dve oktave navise(rastuci), takodjer se pomera za dve oktave nanize. (opadajuci). Upravo smo zavrsili deo koji se tice pomeranja navise. Vratimo se sad unazad:
Pomeranje nadole svake vezbe Hanona se obicno odrazava na pomeranje nagore. Primecujete li da preskacemo jedan ton svaki put kad se pomeramo navise po klavijaturi? To se desava i pri pomeranju nadole. Naravno, nije svaki put isto. Polozaji ruka se razlikuju, obratite paznju!
Desna ruka svira:
Mali prst (5) G iznad srednjeg C
Domali prst (4) Preskace se jedan i svira E ispod
Srednji prst (3) Svira D
Kaziprst(2) Svira C
Palac(1) Svira B
Kaziprst (2) Svira C ponovo
Srednji prst (3) Svira D ponovo
Domali prst (4) Svira E ponovo
Odatle nastaje: G-E-D-C-B-C-D-E (Obratite paznju da nasa poocetna nota, G, predstavlja najvisu na kojoj zavrsavamo penjanje. Odatle sledi da su nas levi palac i desni mali prst vec na pravom mestu ). Levom rukom se slicno svira samo oktavu nize:
Palac (1) G
Kaziprst (2) E
Srednji prst (3) D
Domali prst (4) C
Mali prst (5) B
Domali prst (4) C ponovo
Srednji prst (3) D ponovo
Kaziprst (2) E ponovo
To bi bila prva mera. Kao sto ste pretpostavili, za narednu, mi pomeramo sve prste za jednu dirku nadole i sviramo po istom obrascu:
F-D-C-B-G-B-C-D
Nastavite s tim dok se ne vratite na pocetni polozaj. Opet se radi 14 elemenata, ili 2 oktave. Cestitamo, upravo ste savladali 1. Vezbu Hanona!
Napomene za sviranje Svirajte kao da to stvarno mislite! Nema potrebe da razbijate dirke, samo ih pritiskajte. To se narocito odnosi na najslabije prste, a to su mali i domali prst. Kao sto Hanon Kaze: “Podizite prste visoko i precizno, svirajuci svaki ton jasno.“ Vazno: Pravilno postavljajte prste! Vezbe su narocito formirane za ovakav raspored – da se izvode pomocu prstiju u skladu sa njihovom svrhom.
Najbolje bi bilo da svirate pomocu metronoma.Pocnite svaku vezbu na 60 i postepeno povecavajte na 180 ( Ili brze). Mozete da podesite metronom na 8 otkucaja po oktavi, zato sto su vezbe u osam tonova, tako da je svaki otkucaj jedan ton. Nova vezba ne mora biti laka u pocetku, ali to je i svrha: ukoliko su vasi prsti vec dovoljno jaki, ne morate da ih uvezbavate! Vezbe ce vremenom postajati lakse. U jednom momentu njihovo izvodjenje postaje automatsko i necete vise morati da mislite o tome! Hanon je dobra vezba za mozak .Do tada: Radite polako. Vaznije da budete precizni nego da budete brzi.
English to Serbian: guest's house
Source text - English PRICED BILL OF QUANTITIES BUILDING WORKS
02.02 GUEST’S HOUSE
BUILDING LICENSE
1) Formation of equipped yard in function of the dimension of the work that has to be done, through the implementation of fencing the entire area concerned by the yard with iron poles, wood, reinforced concrete, etc.. by plunging in the soil or if provided with appropriate bases to ensure stability, supported the same, supply and installation net anchor to the poles, consists of welded panels net, in this case the fence is to be highlighted with orange network in at least two bands not less than 40 cm, placed at the top and a half, then panels network specially designed for fence yards mobile network in plastic forms existing colors on the market. Installation of all equipment (cranes, planT Mixing, circular saw, etc..) necessary for the performance of the work, installation of electrical CEI and regularly certificate under the law 46/90 for the installer who must be in possession of the requirements of the law itself, putting grounding of all equipment including metal fence, with complaint of the earth at the competent bodies to control (ISPESL). Organization functional spaces for storage of materials provided and materials resulting from possible demolition. Organization of transit routes within the yard and those outside and adjacent to the site to avoid danger for people in the yard and those outside transiting outside but in the immediate vicinity of the same. Including also any other charge although not specified, but necessary to create the yard, in this phase of work, it is essential comparison with the charge of coordination being provided by the executive if DLGS 494/96.
A corpo 1,00
2) Excavation made by mechanical means including the removal of shrubs, profiling of walls, the regularization of the fund, the load on trucks and transport in the yard: loose rocks (clay, sand, gravel, land plant and the like), including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mc 1072,00
3) Filling up including the approach of materials, the compaction layers of materials used to reach the benchmark of the project, the compaction prescribed: with resulting material from excavation carried out in the yard, including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mc 120,50
4) Supply and installation of geo-bentonite-layers consisting of natural sodium bentonite, thickness not less than mm. 6 (minimum content in montmorillonite and coefficient of permeability minimum respectively 95% and 10-9 cm / s), including a geotextile sublayer and overlayer, including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mq 350,00
5) Foundation excavation freesection run in ground of any kind, until the depth of 2 m from the campaign floor, including the extraction and bailing out of any waters and the removal of shrubs of any size, the load, transportation and removal of the dug material in the yard: loose rocks (clay, sand, gravel, vegetable land and the like), including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mc 137,85
6) Sub structure executed by cement concrete conglomerate jet, carried out in accordance with the technical requirements provided, including the provision of material on site, spreading, vibration and anything else necessary to give a work done by perfect rule of art, except Only scaffolding, shuttering, and iron reinforcement, with the following strengths: 150 kg / m³; including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mc 47,30
7) Formation of aerated drain including the concrete slab through placement on a plan, preformed plastic elements CUPOLEX type, size plant in approximately 56x56 cm or com 71x71 cm and height 30, with grooves and cross-cones with central to the summit low; including any other charge for the perfect execution
Mq 260,00
8) Steel bars for reinforcement of cement concrete conglomerate, preformed and precut to size, shaped and put in place a rule of art, including every scrap, ligatures, etc.., And all charges related to the control of law; type B Fe 32 K , Fe B 38 K, Fe 44 B K bars smooth or adherence improved, the type controlled establishment and not: 14-30 mm diameter.
Kg 1476,70
9) Steel electro-welded net in squared mesh of any size for reinforcement of cement concrete conglomerate preformed and precut to size, placed in work to rule of art, including every scrap, ligatures, etc.. Diameter rod 4 ÷ 12 mm
Kg 1830,38
10) Formwork straight or centinate for cement concrete conglomerate jets simply or reinforced, including arming, disarming, disarmament, and shoring and support works up to the height of 4 m. from flat surface; to give a work done by perfect rule of art and measured in accordance with the actual surface of shuttering in contact with the concrete: for works of foundation: wood (sub spruce), including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mq 365,10
11) Formwork straight or centinate for cement concrete conglomerate simply or reinforced including arming, disarming, disarmament, shoring and support works up to a height of 4 m from the flat surface; to give a work done by perfect rule of art and measured in accordance with the actual surface of shuttering in contact with the concrete: walling elevation, beams and pillars: wood panels, including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mq 578,35
12) Cement concrete conglomerate resistance, filling, according to the technical requirements provided, including the provision of material on site, its spreading, vibration and anything else necessary to give a work carried out in perfect rule of art, including just scaffolding, excluding formworks and iron reinforcement: Works elevation: Rck 30 N / mmq, including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mc 91,39
13) Cement concrete conglomerate, filling, according to the technical requirements provided, including the provision of material on site, its spreading, vibration and anything else necessary to give a work carried out in perfect rule of art, excluding only scaffolding , formwork and iron reinforcementr for works of foundation: Rck 30 N / mm ²; irons accounted for separately, including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mc 22,45
14) Ceiling mixture of reinforced concrete and brick filling, for flat structures, consisting of brick blocks interposed between ribs parallel armed conglomerate, including the possible formation of ribs sharing in the ceilings of length exceeding 5.00 m, beams for support overlying of partitions, flat strips at the ends of beams, besides the cost of shuttering, provisional armors support for a maximum of 4.00 m from the floor to the intradox support, disarmament, and what else needed to give the work done by perfect rule of art, particularly suitable for use requested, excluding the only provision in place of armor iron, with brick composed of a single element (monoblock) with top ceiling concrete from 4 cm: total height of 28 cm, including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mq 300,00
15) Formation of road-bed support to the yard by running continued and fresh layers of recycled material thickness of 10 cm thick total cm30; such material must be compacted, including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mc 84,00
16) Brickwork in elevation made with blocks of alveolate brick referred to UNI 8942, curve and line, or any height, including charges to perform scarfs and what else is necessary to achieve the perfect work to rule ' art: with blocks 25 x 25 cm, with horizontal hole drilling and percentage equal to 60 ÷ 70%, masonry of padding, dividers: 30 cm thick
Mq 375,00
17) Brickwork in elevation made with blocks of brick alveolato referred to UNI 8942, curve and line, or at any height, including charges to perform scarfs and what else is necessary to achieve the perfect work to rule ' art: with blocks 25 x 25 cm, with horizontal hole drilling and percentage equal to 60 ÷ 70%, masonry of padding, contropareti and dividers: 12.5 cm thick
Mq 90,50
18) Refractory flue squared section complete with false flue in precast monoblock vibrocompresses double wall made of special concrete blocks, internal isolation with rock wool panel, suitable for conveying the products of combustion in accordance with the parameters established by UNI and the No law 615/66, operates full chamber collection and unloading, connection to T 90 ° for connecting the boiler, inspection complete with smoke and thermometer plate and the plate collect condensation in stainless steel, to the exclusion of chimney-pot and plate for closure of chimney-pot: 25 x 25 cm, including any other charge for perfect execution.
M 10,00
19) Vapor barrier consists of an elastoplastomerica membrane thickness of 2 mm armed with aluminum foil thickness of 6 / 100 mm, absolute permeability to water vapour, settled on excluded floor, after hand of bituminous primers, to be paid separately, with superimposed joints.
Mq 234,25
20) Insulating screed cement concrete conglomerate made in the yard with 250 kilograms of cement type R and 32.5 light inert given up for paving, undercoats, etc.., Beaten or even paved with slopes: clay-expanded.
Mc 37,13
21) Waterproof layer membrane consists of prefabricated bitumen-elastomeric polymer, flexibility cold -25 ° C, applied to flame on screed of the background, except horizontal or inclined surfaces, excluding prior treatment with appropriate primer bituminous, with overlapping superposition of 8 ÷ 10 cm in the longitudinal and at least 15 cm to heads of towels: reinforced in polyester non-textile thickness 3 mm.
Mq 260,73
22) Supply and installation of insulation panel made of expanded vulcanic rock for terraces for the thickness of 10 cm, including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mq 234,25
23) Elevated floor consisting of modular panels 600 x 600 mm, and raising structure consisting of galvanized steel columns and bush in the base adjustment and locking system with threaded stem (diameter 16 mm), with six notches nut and fastening sleepers liaison in galvanised steel rib profile in open section 28 x 18 x 1 mm: wooden conglomerate fire resistant panels, thickness 30 mm, maximum water absorption equal to 35%, density equal to 720 kg / m³, with top finishing in: laminate ; including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mq 234,25
24) Galvanized steel loom size 0,90*2,40*0,15-0,30, installed, complete of appropriate anchorage cramps to the wall and what else necessary to give the work done by perfect rule of art.
Cad. 6,00
25) Galvanized steel loom size 1.00 * 2.40 * 0.15-0.30, installed, complete of appropriate anchorage cramps to the wall and what else necessary to give the work done by perfect rule of art.
Cad. 4,00
26) Internal wooden door with mobile door and veneered edges, complete with main loom in veneer lists thickness of 8 / 11 mm, flange thread-cover in multilayer and all the hardware necessary for securing, moving and closing, size standards 240x90 cm: with smooth door
Cad. 6,00
27) Sliding door with two wooden mobile and tamburate shutters and with veneer edges, complete of veneer spline frame thickness 8 / 11 mm, flange and lock in multi-layer panel with door-latchj, size standard 100 x 240 cm: smooth: white lacquered.
Cad. 2,00
28) Smooth thresholds marble slabs thickness of 10 cm, 70 * 50 cm with a polished surface view and trimmed coasts or simply blunted installed with grout including all necessary masonry, stuccoing, sealing of joints and cramps, including any other charge for perfect execution.
M 1,00
29) Smooth thresholds marble slabs thickness of 10 cm, 60 * 100 cm with a polished surface view and trimmed coasts or simply blunted installed with grout including all necessary masonry, stuccoing, sealing of joints and cramps, including any other charge for perfect execution.
M 21,00
30) Cover, converse and similar with works following design, installed on prepared surfaces, with rivetted overlapping, welded, including shaping,folds, lags, cramps,anchorage masonry, scrap for the measure cuts. Evaluation to m² second length expansion 110 cm: copper, thickness 8 / 10
Mq. 66,80
31) Realisation and jet work operation of stairs in reinforced concrete covered with stone (as represented in the executive design), including reinforcement iron, and any other charge for the perfect execution
Mc 3,50
32) Aluminium profile with bronze finish round, flat, squared or angular section forbalconies and stairs railings, with any fixed or movable racks, hinges, poles, locks, compasses, guides and any other fasteners hardware, opening and closing, with holes, plates, bolts, electrodes, etc.. installed bolted or welded, including a coat of rustproof and masonry, including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mq. 12,00
33) Premixed plaster basic interior, based on anidrene, inert limestone and specific additives, maximum fire resistance REI 180,spray applied form in brick or concrete, thickness of 1.5 cm, levelled and spread
Mq 889,20
34) Civil finishing with premixed smoothing based on cement binder and applied inert by hand to a thickness of not less than 3 mm, including any other charge for the perfect execution.
Mq 889,20
35)Painting with hydropaint of surfaces three layers to covering, including the preparation of the same surfaces: on internal surfaces with washable hydropaint, including any other charge for the perfect execution.
Mq 889,20
36) Teak wood floor, seasoned and dried, 10 cm wide, 20 mm thick, 400 ÷ 900 mm length, humidity 9% ± 2%, installed on wooden armor including cuts, offcuts, shaping and varnishing ; including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mq 237,00
37) Skirtings in teak wood lists, seasoned and dried, 10 cm wide, 20 mm, 900 mm in length, humidity 9% ± 2%, installed against the wall coating with special glues and anchor hardware including cuts, offcuts, shaping and varnishing, including any other charge for perfect execution.
M 93,80
38) Supply and installation of bronzed aluminum window frames made of parts some opening some other with fixed locations. The entire installation including structural frames, the necessary hardware to anchor, necessary stuccoing and any other charge for perfect execution.
Mq 57,00
39) Supply and installation of the external granite flooring including the charge of preparing the massetto below and the plan of laying, the perimeter kerbs, including any other charge for perfect execution.
Mq 12,75
40) Prices per hour include average overheads and business profits, for performed services normal working hours. The prices include: contractual pay, charges of law and in imposed fact on the workforce and the normal complement use of tools and utensils.
41) Walls assistance for heating installation, excluding the helping workforce the assemblers, as a percentage of the price (percentage of the plants cost) including: boiler, burner and convectors, except: tank and its installation.
42) Walls assistance for the installation of water-works full of appliances and fittings, excluding the helping workforce the assemblers as a percentage of the plant price.
43) Walls assistance to laying of cast iron pipes, installated for the installer of sanitary facilities
44) Walls assistance for the installation of electrical equipment, excluding lighting equipment excluding workforce helping the assemblers, as a percentage of average price for installation of lighting and motive power.
45) Walls assistance for the installation of elevator installation, including workforce helping the assemblers, as a percentage of the price.
1) Formiranje opremljenog gradilišta u funkciji koja se tiče dimenzija posla koji treba da se obavi, kroz ograđivanje čitavog područja obuhvaćenog gradilištem pomocu gvozdenih stubova, drveta, armiranog betona itd. koji se zabijaju u zemlju ili, ukoliko su sprovedeni odgovarajućim temeljima za održavanje stabilnosti,čime se također obezbeđuje,mreža instalacija i materijala usidrena u stubove, sastavljena od mreže zavarenih panela, u ovom slučaju,ograda je istaknuta narandžastom mrežom u vidu najmanje dve trake ne uže od 40cm,postavljene na vrh i na polovinu visine, zatim mreža panela posebno dizajnirana za ograde gradilišta,pokretna mreža u najlonskim oblicima, postojećih boja na tržištu. Instaliranje čitave opreme (kranovi,planTmešalice, cirkular, itd.) neophodne za izvođenje radova,instalacija električnih CEI i pribavljanje regularnog certifikata po zakonu 46/90 za instalator koji mora ispunjavati zakonske uslove,postavljanje čitave opreme uključujući metalnu ogradu, sa uzemljenjima na odgovarajućim mestima za kontrolu (ISPESL). Оrganizovanje funkcionalnog prostora za odlaganje nabavljenog materijala kao i materijala nastalih kao posledica eventualnog rušenja.Organizovanje prolaza unutar gradilišta i izvan njega, kao i prema okolini da bi se izbegla opasnost po ljude u području gradilišta i izvan tog područja u njegovoj neposrednoj blizini. Ukljucivanje pritom još neke bezbednosne mere koja nije specifikovana ali je neophodna za izgradnju gradilišta,u ovoj fazi rada,vrlo je bitno u poređenju sa obavezama navedenim u okviru DLGS 494/96.
A corpo 1,00
2) Iskopavanje izvedeno u mehaničkom smislu uključujući uklanjanje žbunova, profilisanje zidova, regularizacija fundiranja, postavljanje tereta na kamione i njihov transport na gradilište: sitno kamenje( glina, pesak,šljunak, suvo bilje i slično), uključujući jos neki postupak koji bi usavršio ovaj proces.
Mc 1072,00
3) Ispunjavanje uključujući pristup materijalima, kompaktnim slojevima materijala korisćenim da se dostigne visina projekta,pri čemu je kompaktnost propisana pomoću materijala koji izneseni sa gradilišta, uključujući još neki postupak koji bi usavršio ovaj proces.
Mc 120,50
4) Snabdevanje i instalacija geo- bentonitskih slojeva koji sadrže sodium bentonit, debljine ne manje od 6mm (najmanji sadržaj u montmorilonitu i minimalni koeficijent propustljivosti koji se kreće respektivno 95% i 10-9cm /s), uključujući geotekstilne podslojeve,kao i još neki postupak koji bi usavršio ovaj proces.
Mq 350,00
5) Iskopavanje temelja na bilo kojoj vrsti tla, do dubine od 2m ispod kote poda,uključujući vađenje i izbacivanje bilo kakve vode i uklanjanje kamenja bilo koje veličine,tereta,prenošenje i uklanjanje materijala iskopanog na gradilištu: sitno kamenje (glina, pesak, biljke i slično),kao i još neki postupak koji bi usavršio ovaj proces.
Mc 137,85
6) Formiranje podkonstrukcije od nagomilanog cement betona, uz upotrebu predviđene tehničke opreme,uključujući prevoz materijala na gradilište, rasprostiranje, vibriranje i ostalo potrebno da se posao adekvatno obavi. Postavljanje skela,otvora i čelične aramture čija je težina 150 kg / m³; uključujući bilo koji drugi postupak koji bi usavršio ovaj postupak.
Mc 47,30
7) Izvođenje drenaže pomoću mlaza betona postavljanjem kroz osnovu, upotrebom plastičnih elemenata tipa CUPOLEX, dimenzija aproksimativno od 56x56cm ili 71x71cm, visine 30, sa žljebovima i ukrštenjima u centralnom delu; uključujuci bilo koji drugi postupak koji bi usavršio ovaj postupak.
Mq 260,00
8) Čelične šipke za ojačanje cement betonske konstrukcije, oblikovane i isečene na odgovarajuću dužinu,savijene i postavljene na pravi način, uključujući svaki komadić, ligaturu i sl. Svi elementi su prošli zakonsku kontrolu; tip B Fe 32 K, Fe B 38 K, Fe 44 B K ,poboljšana glatkoća i prianjanje šipki, izvršena kontrola prečnika koji se krece u rasponu 14-30mm.
Kg 1476,70
9) Čelična elektro-zavarena mreža u bilo kojoj veličini, za ojačanje cement betonske konstrukcije oblikovana, odgovarajuće veličine, postavljena prema standardima, uključujući svaki komadić, ligaturu i sl. Prečnika 4 ÷ 12 mm
Kg 1830,38
10) Oplata ravna ili formirana tako da prati oblik elemenata, nanosi se jednostavno ili postupkom koji uključuje oblaganje, pokrivanje, uklanjanje kao i podupiranje i podizanje do visine 4m od ravni; Izvesti potrebne radove po propisima u skladu sa dimenzijama površine koja je u kontaktu sa betonom: za izvođenje temelja: drvo (smrekovo), uključujući još postupaka koji bi poboljšali dati proces.
Mq 365,10
11) Oplata ravna ili centinate za konstrukciju od cementa i betona koja može biti prosto ili potpuno pokrivena oplatom. Pritom se ubraja: oblaganje, uklanjanje oplate, podupiranje i podizanje do visine 4m od ravne površine; Izvesti potrebne radove po propisima u skladu sa stvarnom površinom koja je u kontaktu sa betonom: podizanje zidova, grede i stubovi, drveni paneli, uključujući druge postupke koji bi dalje usavršili ovaj postupak.
Mq 578,35
12) Otpornost cement betonske konstrukcije, rasipanje uz odgovarajuću tehničku opremu, uključujući dostavljanje materijala na gradilište, njegovo širenje, vibriranje betona i sve ostalo neophodno da radovi budu u skladu sa propisima, uključujući samo skele, izostavljajući oplatu i armaturu: Porast radova se izražava: Rck 30 N / mmq , uključujući druge postupke koji bi dalje usavršili ovaj postupak.
Mc 91,39
13) Nasipanje i punjenje cement betonske konstrukcije uz odgovarajuću opremu, uključujući dostavljanje materijala na gradilište, njegovo širenje, vibriranje betona i sve ostalo neophodno da radovi budu u skladu sa propisima, isključujući skele, oplatu i armaturu za izvođenje temelja:
Rck 30 N / mm ²; Čelik se odvojeno obračunava, uključujući druge postupke koji bi dalje usavršili ovaj postupak.
Mc 22,45
14) Vrhunska mešavina od armiranog betona i opeke za ravne površine,koje se sastoje od pignatte postavljenih između rebara paralelno armiranih, uključujući mogući raspored rebara na plafonu u svetlu premašivanja 5.00 m, grede kao oslonci u pojedinim delovima, pljosnate trake na krajevima greda, pored troškova zatvaranja, privremeni oslonci za maksimalnu visinu od 4.00 m iznad poda do unutrašnjeg oslonca, demontaža, i sve ostalo potrebno da radovi budu dobro izvedeni, naročito da se uklope sa zahtevima, isključujući snabdevanje armaturom, sa opekom koja se sastoji od pojedinačnog elementa ( monoblok) sa slojem betona debljine 4 cm: ukupne visine 28 cm, uključujući druge postupke koji bi poboljšali ovaj proces.
Mq 300,00
15) Izvođenje čeličnih podupirača na gradilištu pomoću slojeva recikliranog materijala debljine od 10cm uz maksimalnu debljinu od 30cm; Ovakav materijal bi trebalo da bude kompaktiran, uključujući druge postupke koji bi pospešili ovaj proces.
Mc 84,00
16) Zidanje izvršeno pomoću blokova od alveolarne opeke preporučene od strane UNI 8942, pravilnog i krivog oblika, za svaku visinu, uključujući postavljanje unutrašnjih i spoljašnih skela i sve ostalo sto je neophodno da radovi budu korektno izvedeni: blokovi dimenzija 25x25 cm,sa rupama u horizontalnom pravcu i procentom u rasponu 60 ÷ 70%, zidanje ispune, razdelnici: debljine: 30 cm
Mq 375,00
17) Zidanje izvršeno pomoću blokova od alveolarne opeke preporučene od strane UNI 8942, pravilnog i krivog oblika, za svaku visinu, uključujući postavljanje unutrašnjih i spoljašnjih skela i sve ostalo sto je neophodno da radovi budu korektno izvedeni: blokovi dimenzija 25x25 cm,sa rupama u horizontalnom pravcu i procentom u rasponu 60 ÷ 70%, zidanje ispune, contropareti,razdelnici: debljine 12.5 cm.
Mq 90,50
18) Vatrostalna cev kvadratnog preseka formirana pomoću veštačke cevi radi predostrožnosti, unutar monolitnog vibrokompresovanog sendvič zida napravljenog od specijalnih betonskih blokova, unutrašnje izolacije sa staklenom vunom, pogodne za prenos proizvoda sagorevanja u skladu sa parametrima propisanim u UNI zakona pod br. 615/66, koji sadrži propise i nalaze T 90 ° za uključivanje bojlera, pregled obavljen pomoću vatrostalne ploče koja sakuplja kondenzaciju u nerđajućem čeliku, do isključivanja poklopca na dimnjaku i ploče za zatvaranje dimnjaka: dimenzija 25x25 cm, uključujući druge mere koje bi poboljšale ovaj postupak.
M 10,00
19) Pregrada za paru se sastoji od elastoplastomericke membrane debljine 2mm ojačane aluminijumskom folijom debljine 6/100 mm, potpuno otporna na vodenu paru, postavljena na izolovani pod, posle premaza slojem bitumena, koji treba da se odvojeno premaže katranom, sa zglobovima iznad njih.
Mq 234,25
20) Izolaciono oblaganje cement betonske konstrukcije formirane na gradilištu pomoću 250 kg cementa tipa R i 32.5, pomalo inertno odustaje od popločavanja, premazivanja, itd. Primenjuje se proces utabavanja ili pak popločavanja pod nagibom: upotrebom gline.
Mc 37,13
21) Vodootporni sloj se sastoji od prefabrikovanog bitumen-elastomeričkog polimera, koji funkcioniše do temperature od -25 ° C, važi za procese stvaranja plamena na izolaciji u pozadini,ne koristi se za horizontalne i površine pod nagibom. Prilikom njegove primene, isključuje se raniji pristup koji se ticao bitumena, sa preklapanjima delova na 8 ÷ 10 cm u podužnom pravcu i najmanje 15cm do vrhova ubrusa: ojačan poliesterom debljine 3mm.
Mq 260,73
22) Snabdevanje i montaža izolacionog panela spravljenog od ekspandiranog vulkanskog kamenja za terase, uz debljinu od 10cm, uključujući ostale postupke koji pospešuju ovaj proces.
Mq 234,25
23) Viša etaža se sastoji od modularnih panela 600 x 600mm, dok viša konstrukcija sadrži stubove od galvanizovanog gvozđa i dodataka u predelu osnove, kao i sistem brava sa navijenim drškama (prečnika 16mm), sa šest zareza i kopčama u rebru od galvanizovanog gvožđa, otvorenog preseka dimenzija 28 x 18 x 1 mm: konstrukcije od vatrostalnih drvenih panela, debljine 30mm, maksimalne apsorpcije vode od 35%, gustine od 720 kg / m³, da bi se na kraju konstrukcija završila: laminatom; uključujući ostale postupke koji pospešuju ovaj proces.
Mq 234,25
24) Razboj od galvanizovanog čelika veličine 0.90 * 2.40 * 0.15-0.30, montiran odgovarajućim usidrenim klamfama za zid, pri čemu se obavlja sve ostalo neophodno da radovi budu adekvatno izvedeni.
Cad. 6,00
25) Razboj od galvanizovanog čelika veličine 1.00 * 2.40 * 0.15-0.30, montiran odgovarajućim usidrenim klamfama za zid, pri čemu se obavlja sve ostalo neophodno da radovi budu adekvatno izvedeni.
Cad. 4,00
26) Unutrašnja drvena vrata sa pokretnim vratima i furnirskim ivicama, dovršena u furnirskim trakama debljine 8 / 11 mm, bandažirana navojima, i ostali gvozdeni elementi za obezbeđivanje, pomeranje i zatvaranje, standardne veličine 240x90cm: sa uglačanim vratima.
Cad. 6,00
27) Klizeća vrata sa dvoje drvenih pokretnih i tamburate krila i furnirskim ivicama, oivičena furnirskim ramom debljine 8/11 mm, navoji i brava se sastoje od višeslojne ploče sa rezom, standardne veličine 210x60-70-80cm: uglačanost: lakirano belom bojom
Cad. 2,00
28) Glatki pragovi od mermernih ploča debljine 10cm, dimenzija 70*50 cm sa uglačanom površinom i ukrašenim delovima ili jednostavno zaobljenim, uključujući zidarske radove, gipsano malterisanje, popunjavanje spojeva i klamfi, kao i druge postupke koji bi pospešili ove radove.
M 1,00
29) Glatki pragovi od mermernih ploča debljine 10cm, dimenzija 60*100 cm, sa uglačanom površinom i ukrašenim delovima ili jednostavno zaobljenim, uključujući zidarske radove, gipsano malterisanje, popunjavanje spojeva i klamfi, kao i druge postupke koji bi pospešili ove radove.
M 21,00
30) Pokrivanje, konverzija i slični radovi koji se tiču daljeg projektovanja, instalacija na predviđenim površinama, sa zakovanim preklapanjima, zavarivanje, uključujući oblikovanje, nagibe, zaostatke, klamfe,usidrene delove, komadići za isecanje dimenzija. Procena po m² sledeceg povećanja dužine od 110cm: bakar, dimenzija 8/10.
Mq. 66,80
31) Realizacija i izvođenje stepenica od armiranog betona obloženih kamenom (kako je predstavljeno u izvođačkom projektu), uključujući armaturu, kao i ostale postupke koji bi pospešili ovaj proces.
Mc 3,50
32) Aluminijumski, sa bronzanim premazom,okrugli profil, pljosnat, četvrtastog ili uglastog preseka za balkone i stepenišne ograde, sa bilo kakvim fiksiranim ili pokretnim zupčastim šipkama, šarkama, stubovima,bravama, kompasima, vodičima i bilo kojim drugim povezujućim gvožđem, otvaranje i zatvaranje,,sa rupama, pločicama, zavrtnjevima, elektrodama itd. Montiran zavrtnjevima ili zavarivanjem, uključujući antikorozivni sloj, kao i ostale postupke koji bi pospešili ovaj proces.
Mq. 12,00
33) Mešani gips za enterijer, baziran na anidrenu, inertnom krečnjaku i određenim aditivima, maksimalne otpornosti na vatru REI 180, nanosi se u vidu spreja na opeku ili beton, debljine 1.5 cm,ravnomerno.
Mq 889,20
34) Završni rad sa mešavinom baziranom na cementnim vezivima i inertno nanošenje rukom do debljine od najmanje 3mm, uključujući i još neki postupak koji bi pospešio ovaj proces.
Mq 889,20
35) Farbanje vodenom farbom po površinama u tri sloja, uključujući pripremu date površine: na unutrašnjoj površini pomoću farbe koja se može prati, uključujući i još neki postupak koji bi pospešio ovaj proces.
Mq 889,20
36) Pod od lameliranog drveta, osušen i obrisan, širine 10cm, 20mm debljine, 400 ÷ 900 mm dužine, vlažnosti 9% ± 2%, montiran na drvenoj podlozi , uz sečenje, oblikovanje i lakiranje; uključujući druge mere koje bi poboljšale ovaj proces.
Mq 237,00
37) Podne daske od lameliranog drveta, od 10cm širine, 20 mm debljine, 900mm dužine, vlažnosti 9% ± 2%, montirane na zaštitni zid pomoću specijalnog lepka i učvršćene gvožđem, uključujući sečenje, oblikovanje i lakiranje; uključujući druge mere koje bi poboljšale ovaj proces.
M 93,80
38) Snabdevanje i instalacija prozornih ramova od bronzanog aluminijuma, čiji bi se neki delovi otvarali dok bi drugi ostali fiksirani. Kompletna montaža uključuje oblikovane ramove, neophodno gvozđe za sidrenje, gipsane radove i druge postupke koji bi poboljšali ovaj proces.
Mq 57,00
39) Nabavljanje i montaža spoljašnjih granitnih podnica, uključujući pripremu sloja massetto koji ide ispod, i planiranje popločavanja, periferne ivičnjake,i ostale postupke za adekvatno izvođenje.
Mq 12,75
40) Cene po satu uključuju prosečne opšte i poslovne zarade, za izvedene radove tokom regularnog radnog vremena. Cene uključuju: platu po dogovoru, zakonske troškove i kao nametnutu stavku, radnu snagu i korišćenje alata i pribora.
41) Predviđanje troškova u grejnoj instalaciji, bez pomoćnih aktivnosti asemblera, kao procenat cene( procenat fabričkih troškova ) uključuje se: bojler, ringla i konvektori, ne ubraja se: rezervoar i njegove instalacije.
42) Predviđanje troskova za instalaciju „mašina sa vodom“ obuhvata puno uređaja i opreme, bez pomoćnih aktivnosti asemblera kao procenta fabričkih troškova.
43) Predviđanje troškova za postavljanje čeličnih cevi montiranih za sanitarne uređaje.
44) Predviđanje troškova za montiranje električne opreme,bez opreme za osvetljenje, pomoćnih aktivnosti asemblera, u vidu procenta prosečne cene za instalaciju struje.
45) Predviđanje troškova za instalaciju lifta uključujući radnu snagu pomoću asemblera, kao procenat cene.
Source text - English (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT)
(19) World Intellectual Property Organization
International Bureau
(43) International Publication Date 4 May 2006 (04.05.2006)
PCT
(10) International Publication Number
WO 2006/045333 Al
H02K 53/00
Kroher-Strobel,
(51) International Patent Classification
(21) International Application Number:
PCT/EP2004/012159 (22) International Filing Date: 27 October 2004 (27.10.2004)
(25) Filing Language:
(26)
(27) English
(28) Publication Language: English
(71) Applicant and
(72) Inventor: BRADY, Mike [ZA/DE]; Bomhardstrasse 14, 82031 Griinwald (DE).
(74) Agents: WACHTER, Jochen et al;
Bavariaring 20, 80336 Munchen (DE).
(81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, IP, KE,
KG, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MA, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MZ, NA, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RU, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SY, TI, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, YU, ZA, ZM, ZW.
(84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, GM, KE, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TI, TM), European (AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HU, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK, TR), OAPI (BF, BI, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GQ, GW, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG).
Declaration under Rule 4.17:
— of inventorship (Rule 4.17(iv))
Published:
— with international search report
For two-letter codes and other abbreviations, refer to the "Guid-ance Notes on Codes and Abbreviations" appearing at the begin¬ning of each regular issue of the PCT Gazette.
^= (54) Title: PERMANENT MAGNET MACHINE
IT)
(57) Abstract: The invention provides a magnetic repellent motor which comprises: a shaft (26) rotatable about its longitudinal axis, a first set (16) of magnetics (14) arranged about the shaft (26) in a rotor (10) for rotation with the shaft (26), and a second set (42) of magnetics (40) arranged in a stator (32) surrounding the rotor (10), wherein the second set (42) of magnetics (40) is in interaction with the first set (16) of magnetics (14), wherein the magnetics (14, 40) of the first and second sets (16, 42) of magnetics are at least partially magnetically screened so as to concentrate their magnetic field strength in the direction of the gap between rotor (10) and stator (32).
o
WO 2006/045333
1
PCT/EP2004/012159
PERMANENT MAGNET MACHINE
Field of the invention
This invention relates to a magnetic repellent motor, or drive mechanism. Such a mechanism may be useful for driving an electrical generation means, a vehicle, a vessel, an aircraft or the like.
Background to the invention
Conventional power sources rely on fossil fuels or secondary power sources such as nuclear power or electricity derived by whatever means for its source of driving power.
All of the above sources of power suffer from disadvantages such as being the cause of pollution, requiring transportation or transmission over long distances to the point of use, and being costly to purchase.
Thus, there is a need for a power source which is substantially pollution-free to operate, requiring substantially no external power, and is simple to maintain.
Summary of the invention
The invention provides a magnetic repellent motor which comprises: a shaft rotatable about its longitudinal axis, a first set of magnetic sources arranged about the shaft in a rotor for rotation with the shaft, and a second set of magnetic sources arranged in a stator surrounding the rotor, wherein the second set of magnetic sources is in magnetic communication with the first set of magnetic sources, wherein the magnetic sources of the first and second sets of magnetic sources are at least partially magnetically screened so as to direct their magnetic field into a gap between the two sets of magnetic sources. Thus, the interaction of at least some of the magnetic sources of the fir
E 7 a
st and second set urges the shaft to rotate.
WO 2006/045333 PCT/EP2004/012159
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The interaction may be the net repelling force of like magnetic poles repelling each other thereby urging the magnetic sources away from each other, however, since only the magnetic sources of the first set of magnetic sources are able to be displaced under the urging of the force, the shaft is urged to rotate into a position in which the repelling force is less.
The rotor may be substantially disc shaped, and the first set of magnetic sources may be located in a peripheral region of the rotor which rotates together with the shaft.
The stator may be in the form of a pair of arms, which co-operates with the corresponding rotor.
The arms of a pair may be displaceable relative to each other and their corresponding rotor, such that a gap between the arms and the rotor may be selectively set. The gap may be set manually, for example by a hand wheel, or automatically, for example by a centrifugal distributed weights system, thereby to effect control over the rotational speed of the shaft, i.e. the smaller the gap the greater the repulsion forces between the magnetic sources of the rotor and the stator.
The rotor may have a plurality of magnetic source receiving zones provided therein for receiving the magnetic sources of the first set of magnetic sources.
The stator may have a plurality of magnetic source receiving zones provided therein for receiving the magnetic sources of the second set of magnetic sources.
The receiving zones may be in the form of circumferentiaily extending spaced apart sockets.
The sockets may be substantially cylindrical and may be arranged in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the shaft.
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The sockets may be angled at an acute angle relative to the tangent to the circumference of the rotor at the mouth opening of its sockets and to the inner circumference of the stator at the mouth opening of its sockets.
This angle may be between 18 degrees and 40 degrees, preferably between 30 degrees to 35 degrees.
The sockets may receive or incorporate a socket lining consisting at least partially of a magnetic screening material. The socket lining may line the entire extent of the sockets so that only the opening to the exterior remains unlined.
The socket lining may comprise a shield of another magnetic screening material. The shield may envelop the entire extent of the socket lining so that only the opening to the exterior remains unlined. In another preferred embodiment, the shield covers a substantial percentage of the socket lining, e.g. 50% thereof.
The magnetic sources may be Nd-fe-B magnets sized and dimensioned to snugly fit into the sockets and socket linings, respectively.
The magnetic sources may be constituted by a 37mm diameter 75mm length cylindrical magnet having 360000 gauss.
The socket lining, the shield and the magnetic sources may comprise through holes to receive a securing pin, preferably in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the shaft.
The number of sockets in the rotor and the corresponding stator may differ so that there is not a one to one relationship between the sockets in the rotor and the sockets in the corresponding stator. Likewise, the number of magnetic sources in the first and second sets may differ so that a proportion of the magnetic sources of the two sets are out of register at any given time. Some sockets may be empty i.e. without a magnetic source, in either the rotor or the stator, or in both.
WO 2006/045333 PCT/EP2004/012159
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The magnetic repellent motor may have one or more rotors and stators of the above type arranged in a stack.
It is preferable for magnetic sources of adjacent rotors to be out of register i.e. staggered or offset relative to each other.
Description of the drawings
Without in any way limiting the scope of the invention, the invention will now be illustrated with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is a perspective view showing a rotor of the magnetic repellent motor
according to the invention;
Fig. 2 is a perspective view showing a stack of rotors of Fig. 1 in assembled
arrangement;
Fig. 3 is a perspective view showing a left arm of a stator of the magnetic
repellent motor according to the invention;
Fig. 4 is a perspective view showing a right arm of a stator of the magnetic
repellent motor according to the invention;
Fig. 5 is a perspective view showing a stack of stators of Fig. 3 and 4 in
assembled arrangement;
Fig 6 is a perspective view showing a socket lining of a stator or a rotor of
the magnetic repellent motor according to the invention;
Fig. 7 is a perspective view showing a magnetic source of the magnetic
repellent motor according to the invention; and
WO 2006/045333 PCT/EP2004/012159
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Fig. 8 is a perspective view showing one embodiment of the magnetic
repellent motor according to the invention coupled to an electrical generator.
Description of preferred embodiments
Referring to Fig. 1, a substantially disk-shaped rotor 10 is made of a non-magnetic material. The rotor 10 comprises a plurality of magnetic source receiving zones 12 provided therein for receiving magnetic sources 28 (shown in iater figures) of a first set 16 of magnetic sources. The receiving zones 12 are in the form of circumferentially extending spaced apart and substantially cylindrical sockets 18 which are located in a plane perpendicular to the rotational axis of the rotor "10 in a peripheral region thereof.
In the region of the sockets 18, the rotor 10 further comprises through holes 20 arranged in its side surfaces 22 and extending parallel to the rotational axis of the rotor 10. The rotor 10 further comprises a centre hole 24 for receiving a shaft 26 (shown in later figures).
The sockets 18 are preferably angled at an acute angle relative to a tangent to the circumference of the rotor 10 at the mouth opening of the sockets 18. Preferably, this angle is between 18 and 40 degrees, more preferably between 30 and 35 degrees. In. one particularly preferred embodiment the angle is 34 degrees.
A shown in Fig. 2, the sockets 18 receive (or incorporate) a socket lining 28 (shown in more detail in later figures) which is at least partially made of a magnetic screening non-metallic or metallic material, for example graphite. The socket lining 28 covers the entire extent of the sockets 18 so that only the opening to the exterior remains uncovered.
In the rotor assembly 30 shown in Fig. 2, three rotors 10 have been stacked in a row on the shaft 26. The connection between the rotors 10 and the shaft 26 as well as the connection between the multiple rotors 10 can be established via linking means known in the art. In general, the magnetic repellent motor 1 may have any
WO 2006/045333 PCT/EP2004/012159
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number of rotors 10 and corresponding stators 32, since the effect of operating several rotors 10 in parallel is accumulative. However, it may be useful for a smooth operation of the motor 1 to arrange the rotors 10 such that the magnetic sources of adjacent rotors 10 are staggered or offset relative to each other.
Referring to Fig. 3 and 4, a stator 32 is depicted. The stator 32 is made of a non-magnetic material. The left arm 34 shown in Fig. 3 and the right arm 36 shown in Fig. 4 combine to form the stator 32. Each of the arms 34, 36 has a substantially semicircular shape and is adapted to enclose the corresponding rotor 10 in radial direction while still leaving a gap between the stator 32 and the rotor 10. The arms 34, 36 of one stator 32 are displaceable relative to each other and their corresponding rotor 10 such that the gap between the arms 34, 36 and the rotor 10 may be selectively set.
The stator 32 comprises a plurality of magnetic source receiving zones 38 provided therein for receiving magnetic sources 40 (shown in later figures) of a second set 42 of magnetic sources. The receiving zones 38 again are in the form of circumferentially extending spaced apart and substantially cylindrical sockets 44 which are located in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the shaft 26.
In the region of the sockets 44, the stator 32 comprises through holes 46 arranged in its side surfaces 48 and extending parallel to the longitudinal axis of the shaft 26.
The sockets 44 are again preferably angled at an acute angle relative to a tangent to the inner circumference of the stator 32 at the mouth opening of the sockets 44. Preferably, this angle is between 18 and 40 degrees, more preferably between 30 and 35 degrees. The angle of the sockets 18 and 44 and the relative positioning between them has to be adjusted to allow for a good performance of the motor 1.
Fig 5 shows a stator assembly consisting of three stators so as to fit to the rotor assembly of Fig. 2. As described with reference to the sockets 18 of Fig. 2, the sockets 44 receive (or incorporate) a socket lining 50 (shown in more detail in later figures) which is at least partially made of a magnetic screening non-metallic or
WO 2006/045333 PCT/EP2004/012159
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metallic material. The socket lining 50 covers the entire extent of the sockets 44 so that only the opening to the exterior remains uncovered.
Referring to Fig. 6, a socket lining 28, 50 of the rotor 10 or the stator 32 is depicted in more detail. The socket lining 28, 50 is formed to fit into the sockets 18, 44 and may fully be made of a non metallic or a metallic material which has magnetic screening properties. In one preferred embodiment the socket lining 28, 50 is made of diamagnetic graphite and is partially surrounded by an additional shield 52 of a material having strong magnetic screening properties, e.g. stainless steel. In the embodiment shown in Fig. 6, the shield 52 surrounds about 50% of the socket lining surface.
Thus, by at least partially covering the sockets 18, 44 with a magnetic screening material the magnetic field of inserted magnetic sources 14, 40 is, so to say, focused axially with the socket 18, 44, rather than dissipated about the magnets.
Further, through holes 54 are provided in the socket linings 28, 50 which correspond to through holes 20 and 46 in the rotor 10 and stator 32, respectively. Thus, a retaining pin 56 may be inserted after the magnetic source 14, 40 has been put in the socket 18, 44 to detachably fix the magnetic source 14, 40 to the socket lining 28, 50 and the socket 18, 44 so as to prevent expulsion of the magnetic sources 14, 40 during operation.
Fig. 7 shows a typical magnetic source 14, 40 used in the motor 1 according to the invention. The magnetic sources 14, 40 may be natural magnets, induced magnets or electromagnets. The magnetic source for example is a Nd-fe-B magnet sized and dimensioned to snugly fit into the socket 18, 44 and socket lining 28, 50, respectively. In one preferred embodiment, the magnetic source 18, 44 is a substantially cylindrical shaped magnet and preferably has a diameter of 37mm, a length of 75mm and provides 360000 gauss. However, the magnetic source 18, 44 may be shaped differently than cylindrical and may comprise different characteristics. In any case, the magnetic source 18, 44 has to comprise an through hole 58 for receiving the retaining pin 56.
WO 2006/045333 PCT/EP2004/012159
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The magnetic repellent motor 1 of the example of Fig. 8 is mounted on a frame 60 and is coupled to an electrical generator 62. In this specific embodiment, the motor 1 comprises three rotors 10 of the above type which are mounted on a single rotating shaft 26 and work with three stators 32 of the above type to urge the shaft 26 to rotate about its longitudinal axis. The shaft 26 of the mechanism may be connected to a gearbox to obtain mechanical advantage. The stator arms can be moved e.g. by a stepper motor 62.
The number of sockets in the rotors 10 and their corresponding stators 32 may differ such that there is not a one to one relationship between the sockets 18 in the rotor 10 and the sockets 44 in the corresponding stator 32. Likewise, the number of magnetic sources in the stator 32 and the rotor 10 may differ so that a proportion of the magnetic sources 14, 40 are out of register at any given time. Some sockets may be empty i.e. without a magnetic source, in either the rotor 10 or the stator 32, or both.
The sockets 18 of the rotors 10 can be staggered i.e. offset relative to the sockets of adjacent rotors or they can line-up in register. Thus the magnetic repellent motor 1 may be time-tuned by the relative positioning of the magnetic sources 14 of adjacent rotors 10.
Thus, the interaction of at least some of the magnetic sources 1 4, 40 of the first and second set 16, 42 urges the shaft 26 to rotate. Once the shaft 26 begins to rotate the plurality of simultaneous interactions causes the shaft 26 to continue rotating.
As mentioned before, the magnetic repellent motor 1 may have any number of rotor 10 and stator 32 sets. Although the precise adjustment of the motor elements is important, one may imagine other embodiments covered by the invention according to the appended claims.
WO 2006/045333 PCT/EP2004/012159
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Claims
1. A magnetic repellent motor which comprises:
a shaft (26) rotatable about its longitudinal axis,
a first set (16) of magnetic sources (14) arranged about the shaft (26) in at least one rotor (10) for rotation with the shaft (26),
and a second set (42) of magnetic sources (40) arranged in at least one stator (32) surrounding the rotor (10), wherein the second set (42) of magnetic sources (40) is in magnetic communication with the first set (16) of magnetic sources (14),
wherein the magnetic sources (14, 40) of the first and second sets (16, 42) of magnetic sources are at least partially magnetically screened so as to direct their magnetic field into a gap between the two sets (16, 42) of magnetic sources.
2. The magnetic repellent motor according to claim 1, wherein the rotor (10) is substantially disc shaped, and the first set (16) of magnetic sources (14) are located in a peripheral region of the rotor (10) which rotates together with the shaft (26).
3. The magnetic repellent motor according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the stator (32) is formed as a pair of arms (34, 36), which co-operate with the corresponding rotor (10).
4. The magnetic repellent motor according to claim 3, wherein the two arms (34, 46) of a pair are displaceable relative to each other and to the corresponding rotor (10), such that a gap between the arms (34, 36) and the rotor (10) may be selectively set.
WO 2006/045333 PCT/EP2004/012159
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5. The magnetic repellent motor according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the rotor (10) may have a plurality of magnetic source receiving zones (12) provided therein for receiving the magnetic sources (14) of the first set (16) of magnetic sources.
6. The magnetic repellent motor according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the stator (32) may have a plurality of mag netic source receiving zones (38) provided therein for receiving the magnetic sources (40) of the second set (42) of magnetic sources.
7. The magnetic repellent motor according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the receiving zones (12, 38) are formed as circumferentially extending spaced apart sockets (18, 44).
8. The magnetic repellent motor according to claim 7, wherein the sockets (18, 44) are substantially cylindrical and are arranged in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the shaft (26).
9. The magnetic repellent motor according to claim 7 or 8, wherein the sockets (18, 44) are angled at an acute angle relative to the tangent to the circumference of the rotor (10) at the mouth opening of its sockets (18) and to the inner circumference of the stator (32) at the mouth opening of its sockets (44), respectively.
10. The magnetic repellent motor according to claim 9, wherein the angle is between 18 degrees and 40 degrees, preferably between 30 degrees and 35.
11. The magnetic repellent motor according to any one of claims 7 to 10, wherein the sockets (18, 44) comprise or receive a socket lining (28, 50) consisting at least partially of a magnetic screening material.
12. The magnetic repellent motor according to claim 1 1, wherein the socket lining (28, 50) may comprise a shield (52) of another magnetic screening
WO 2006/045333 PCT/EP2004/012159
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material, which covers a substantial extent of the socket lining, preferably about 50% thereof.
13. The magnetic repellent motor according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the magnetic sources (14, 40) are Nd-fe-B magnets sized and dimensioned to snugly fit into the sockets (18, 44) and socket linings (28, 50), respectively.
14. The magnetic repellent motor according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the magnetic sources (14, 40) are constituted by a 37mm diameter 75mm length cylindrical magnet providing 360000 gauss.
15. The magnetic repellent motor according to any one of claims 18 to 28, wherein the rotor (10) and stator (32), the socket lining (28, 50), and the magnetic sources (14, 40) comprise through holes (20, 46, 54, 58) to receive a retaining pin (56), preferably in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the shaft (26).
16. The magnetic repellent motor according to any one of claims 7 to 15, wherein the number of sockets (18) in the rotor (10) filled with magnetic sources (14) and the number of sockets (44) in the corresponding stator (32) filled with magnetic sources (40) differ.
17. The magnetic repellent motor according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein it comprises a plurality of rotors (10) and stators (32) arranged in a stack.
18. The magnetic repellent motor according to claim 17, wherein the magnetic sources (14) of adjacent rotors (10) are staggered or offset relative to each other.
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Translation - Serbian (12) MEDJUNARODNA PRIJAVA OBJAVLJENA POD UGOVOROM O SARADNJI U VEZI PATENATA (PCT)
(19) Organizacija svetske intelektualne svojine Medjunarodni biro
(43) Medjunarodna publikacija Datum 4 May 2006 (04.05.2006)
PCT
(10) Medjunarodni broj Publikacije
WO 2006/045333 Al
H02K 53/00
Kroher-Strobel,
(51) Medjunarodna klasifikacija patenta
(21) Medjunarodni broj aplikacije :
PCT/EP2004/012159 (22) Medjunarodni datum arhiviranja: 27 October 2004 (27.10.2004)
(25) Jezik arhive : English
(26) Jezik Publikacije: English
(71) Kandidat I
(72) Pronalazac : BRADY, Mike [ZA/DE]; Bomhardstrasse 14, 82031 Griinwald (DE).
(74) Zastupnici : WACHTER, Jochen et al;
Bavariaring 20, 80336 Munchen (DE).
(81) Oznacene faze (ukoliko nije drugacije naglaseno, navedeno se odnosi na svaku medjunarodnu upotrebu ): AE, AG, AL, AM, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, IP, KE,
KG, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MA, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MZ, NA, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RU, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SY, TI, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, YU, ZA, ZM, ZW.
(84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, GM, KE, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TI, TM), European (AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HU, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK, TR), OAPI (BF, BI, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GQ, GW, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG).
Deklaracija pod Pravilnikom 4.17:
— o pronalazastvu (Rule 4.17(iv))
Objavljeno:
— with international search report
For two-letter codes and other abbreviations, refer to the "Guid-ance Notes on Codes and Abbreviations" appearing at the begin¬ning of each regular issue of the PCT Gazette.
^= (54) Naslov: TRAJNA MAGNETNA MASINA
IT) (57) Rezime: Pronalazak obezbedjuje magnetni odbojni motor koji ukljucuje: osovinu(26)koja se obrce oko svoje poduzne ose, prvi skup (16) magneta (14) rasporedjenih oko osovine (26) u rotoru (10) za obrtanje sa osovinom (26), kao I drugi skup (42)magneta (40) rasporedjenih unutar statora (32)okruzujuci rotor (10), pri cemu se druga grupa (42) magneta(40)nalazi u interakciji sa prvom grupom (16) magneta (14), pri cemu su magneti(14, 40)iz prve I druge grupe (16, 42) u najmanju ruku delimicno provereni tako da koncentrisu snagu magnetnog polja u pravcu praznine izmedju rotora(10) I statora (32).
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Oblast pronalaska
Ovaj izum se odnosi na magnetni odbojni motor ili pogonski mehanizam. Takav mehanizam moze imati primenu u voznji u smislu elektricnog generisanja, poput vozila, broda, letelice I slično.
Poreklo pronalaska
Konvencionalni izvori snage se oslanjaju na fosilna goriva ili sekundarne izvore snage kao sto je nuklearna energija ili elektricitet izveden iz bilo kojeg izvora pogonske snage. Svi navedeni izvori snage trpe smetnje u smislu da predstavljaju uzrok zagadjivanja, zahtevajuci transport ili prenos na velike udaljenosti do mesta primene, I veliku cenu kupovine.
Prema tome, postoji potreba za izvorom energije koji je u sustini oslobodjen mogucnosti zagadjenja a da se pritom ne zahteva nikakva spoljasnja energija. Takodjer se podrazumeva da pomenuti izvor bude jednostavan za upotrebu.
Kratak pregled pronalaska
Pronalazak obezbedjuje magnetni odbojni motor koji ukljucuje: osovinu koja se obrce oko svoje poduzne ose, prvu grupu magnetnih izvora rasporedjenih oko osovine u rotoru predvidjenih za rotaciju sa osovinom, grupu magnetnih izvora rasporedjenih u statoru oko rotora,pri cemu je druga grupa magneta u magnetskoj komunikaciji sa prvom grupom magneta,pri cemu su prvi I drugi magnetski izvori pojedinacno magneticki provereni tako da je njihovo magnetno polje usmereno ka praznini izmedju dve grupe magnetnih izvora.Prema tome, interakcija izmedju pojedinih magneta iz prve I druge grupe u krajnjem slucaju, tezi rotaciji osovine.
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Interakcija moze predstavljati cistu odbojnu silu istih magnetnih polova koji pri odbijanju teze medjusobnom udaljavanju magnetnih izvora. Posto su magnetni izvori iz prve grupe magneta u stanju da se pomere pri dejstvu sile, osovina tezi obrtanju ka polozaju pri kojem je odbojna sila sto manja.
Rotor moze biti u sustini u obliku diska, dok prva grupa magnetnih izvora moze biti postavljena u perifernom delu rotora koji se obrce zajedno sa osovinom.
Stator moze biti u obliku para “rucki” koje kooperiraju sa odgovarajucim rotorom.
Pomenuti par se moze pomerati relativno jedno u odnosu na drugo I u odnosu na njihov odgovarajuci rotor, kao sto praznina izmedju njih I rotora moze biti selektivno odredjena. Praznina moze biti manualno odredjena, kao sto je npr. volan, ili automatski, kao npr.sistem centrifugalnih sila,pomocu cega se utice na kontrolu nad brzinom obrtanja osovine. Sto je praznina manja, vece su sile odbijanja izmedju magnetnih izvora rotora I statora.
Rotor moze sadrzati pluralitet prijemnih zona magnetnog izvora obezbedjenih za prijem magnetnih uticaja prve grupe magneta.
Stator sadrzi pluralitet prijemnih zona magnetnog izvora obezbedjenih za prijem magnetnih uticaja druge grupe magneta.
Prijemne zone mogu biti u obliku kruga sa produzecima za odvojene fasunge.
Fasunzi mogu biti cilindricni I rasporedjeni upravno na poduznu osu osovine.
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Fasunzi mogu biti nagnuti pod ostrim uglom u odnosu na tangentu obima rotora na otvoru predvidjenom za fasunge I u odnosu na unutrasnji obim statora, takodjer na otvoru za fasunge u tom delu.
Ovaj ugao se krece izmedju 18 I 40 stepeni, najcesce 30 I 35 stepeni.
Fasunzi mogu da prime ili da inkorporisu oblogu fasunga sadrzavajuci najmanje pojedinacne delove magnetskog proverenog materijala. Obloga fasunga moze lezati duz citavog produzetka fasunga tako da otvor u pravcu izduzenja ostane neoblozen.
Obloga fasunga moze ukljuciti stit drugog proverenog materijala. Stit moze obuhvatiti citavo izduzenje falunga tako da otvor prema izduzenju ostane neoblozen.U okviru nekog drugog prioritetnog otelovljenja, stit pokriva znatan procenat obloge fasunga, otprilike 50%.
Magnetne izvore mogu predstavljati Nd-fe-B magneti, definisani I dimenzionisani tako da ugodno prianjaju unutar falunga I njihovih obloga,respektivno.
Magnetski izvori mogu biti ustanovljeni sa 37mm precnika,75mm duzina cilindra sadrzi 360000 gauss-a.
Obloga fasunga, stit I magnetni izvori mogu se ukljucivati kroz otvore radi prijema ciode, najcesce u pravcu paralelnom poduznoj osi osovine.
Broj fasunga u rotoru I odgovarajucem statoru se razlikuju zbog toga sto ne postoji jedan-na-jedan odnos izmedju fasunga u rotoru I u odgovarajucem statoru. Shodno tome, broj magnetnih izvora u prvoj I drugoj grupi se mogu razlikovati tako da odnos magnetnih izvora dve grupe izvan registra u bilo koje vreme. Neki fasunzi mogu biti prazni odnosno, bez magnetnog izvora, ili u rotoru ili u statoru ili u oba istovremeno.
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Magnetski odbojni motor moze da sadrzi jedan ili vise rotora I statora tipa iznad, rasporedjenih u gomili.
Pozeljno je da magnetni izvori obliznjih rotora budu izvan registra, odnosno da se rasporede ili izjednace relativno jedni u odnosu na druge.
Opis crteza
Bez ikakvih ogranicenja njegovog obima, pronalazak ce biti ilustrovan sa pogledom na pratece crteze.
Sl. 1 je perspektivni prikaz rotora magnetnog odbijajuceg motora prema
pronalasku;
Sl. Perspektivno prikazuje gomile rotora sa sl. 1 u montiranom obliku;
Sl. 3 perspektivno pokazuje levu stranu statora magnetskog odbojnog
motora u skladu sa izumom;
Sl. 4 perspektivno prikazuje desnu stranu statora magnetskog odbojnog
motora u skladu sa pronalaskom;
Sl. 5 prikazuje gomilu statora sa sl. 3 i 4 u montiranom obliku;
Sl. 6 prikazuje izduzenja falunga statora ili rotora magnetnog odbijajuceg
motora u skladu sa pronalaskom;
Sl. 7 perspektivni prikaz magnetnog izvora za magn.odbojni motor u skladu sa izumom;
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Sl. 8 perspektivno prikazuje otelovljenje magn. odbijajuceg motora
U skladu sa izumom spojenim u elekt. generatoru.
Opis navedenih oblika
U skladu sa Sl. 1,rotor (10) u obliku diska je formiran od ne-magnetskog materijala. Rotor (10) ukljucuje pluralitet prijema zona magnetnog izvora (12) ukoliko postoji za prijem magnetnih izvora (28) (prikazanih u kasnijim slikama) iz prvog skupa (16) magnetnih izvora. Oblasti prijema (12) su u obliku perifernih razdvojenih produzetaka po obimu kao I cilindricnih casica(fasunga) (18) koje su smestene u ravni upravno na obrtnu osu rotora (10) u perifernom delu.
U oblasti fasunga (18),rotor (10) se dalje ukljucuje kroz otvore (20) postavljene sa njegove strane iznutra (22) I proteze paralelu do obrtne ose rotora (10). Rotor (10) dalje ukljucuje centralni otvor (24) za prijem osovine (26) (prikazano u slikama kasnije).
Fasunzi (18) su uglavnom nagnuti pod ostrim uglom u odnosu na tangentu obima rotora(10) na mestu otvaranja fasunga(18). Ovaj ugao se krece izmedju 18 I 40 stepeni, mada je pozeljno da iznosi izmedju 30 I 35 stepeni. Za jedan odredjeni oblik, ovaj ugao iznosi 34 stepena.
Prikaz na slici 2 oznacava fasunge(18) kako su izlozeni ili inkorporisani oblozi fasunga(28) (detaljnije u kasnijim slikama) koja je makar delimicno formirana od proverenog ne-metalnog ili metalnog materijala kao npr. grafit. Obloga fasunga(28) pokriva citav produzetak fasunga tako da jedino otvor ka izduzenju ostaje neoblozen.
Pri montazi rotora (30) sto je prikazano na slici 2, tri rotora (10) su slozena u red na osovini (26).Veza izmedju rotora(10) I osovine(26) kao I veza izmedju visestrukih rotora(10) moze biti uspostavljena sponama, poznatim u primeni.Generalno, magnetski odbojni motor (1) moze sadrzati bilo koji broj rotora(10) I odgovarajucih statora (32),s obzirom na to da je efekat paralelnog rada nekoliko rotora(10) akumulativan.
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Ipak, za nesmetan rad motora(1) bi bilo korisno rasporediti rotore(10) tako da magnetni izvori I susedni rotori(10) budu rasporedjeni ili izjednaceni medjusobno jedni u odnosu na druge.
Prema slikama 3 I 4 je opisan stator(32). Stator (32) je napravljen od ne-magnetnog materijala.Leva strana(34) je prikazana na sl.3 a desna(36) na slici 4 u kombinovana tako da oblikuje stator (32)Svaka od rucki(34) i(36) je polukruznog oblika I podesena je tako da okruzuje odgovarajuci rotor(10) u radijalnom pravcu pri tome ostavljajuci prostor izmedju statora(32) I rotora(10). Rucke (34,36) jednog statora (32) su pomerljive jedna u odnosu na drugu I na odgovarajuci rotor (10) tako da otvor izmedju njih I rotora(10) bude selektivno definisan.
Stator(32) ukljucuje pluralitet zona prijema magnetnog izvora(38) ukoliko postoji za prijem magnetnih izvora (40) (prikazano u kasnijim slikama) druge grupe (42) magnetnih izvora. Prijemne zone (38) su ponovo u obliku perifernih razdvojenih produzetaka po obimu I cilindricnih fasunga (44) koje su smestene u ravni upravno na poduznu osu osovine(26).
U oblasti fasunga(44), stator(32) se ukljucuje kroz otvore(46) smestene na njegovoj povrsini(48) I proteze paralelu do poduzne ose osovine(26).
Fasunzi(44) su opet pod nagibom u odnosu na tangentu unutrasnjeg obima statora(32) I na pocetku otvaranja fasunga(44) Ovaj ugao se krece od 18 do 40 stepeni, mada je najbolje da iznosi izmedju 30 I 35 stepeni. Ugao fasunga (18) I (44) I relativni polozaj izmedju njih mora biti prilagodjen tako da se obezbedi dobar rad motora (1).
Slika 5 pokazuje montazu statora sastavljenog od tri statora tako da odgovara rotoru montiranom na slici 2.Kao sto je opisano sa pogledom na fasunge (18) sa slike 2, fasunzi (44) primaju (ili inkorporisu) oblogu fasunga (50)( bice prikazano u kasnijim slikama) koja je maker delimicno formirana od magnetskih ne-metalnih ili metalnih materijala. Obloga fasunga (50) pokriva citav produzetak fasunga(44) tako da jedino otvor ka produzetku ostaje neoblozen.
U skladu sa slikom 6, obloga fasunga (28)(50) rotora (10) ili statora (32) je detaljnije opisana. Obloga fasunga (28)(50) je oblikovana tako da se uklapa u fasunge (18) I (44) I potpuno je oblikovana od metalnih ili nemetalnih materijala koji imaju proverene magnetne osobine. U jednom odredjenom obliku, obloga fasunga (28)(50) je formirana od dijamagneticnog grafita I delimicno je okruzena dodatnim zastitom (52) od materijala koji ima jaka magnetna svojstva, kao npr. nerdjajuci celik. U obliku prikazanom na slici 6, stit (52) obuhvata oko 50% povrsine obloge fasunga.
Prema tome, pored delimicnog pokrivanja fasunga (18)(44) proverenim magnetnim materijalom, magnetno polje ubacenih magn.izvora(14)(40) je aksijalno usredsredjeno na fasung (18) (44), radije nego da bude rasuto oko magneta.
Dalje, otvori(54) su sprovedeni u oblogama fasunga(28)(50) koje odgovaraju otvorima (20) I (46) u rotoru(10) I statoru(32), respektivno. Ovako, potporna igla (56) se moze uneti nakon sto se magnetni izvor(14)(40) postavi u fasung(18)(44) koji ima za cilj da nezavisno fiksira magnetni izvor(14)(40) za produzetak fasunga(28)(50) I fasung(18)(44) tako da se izbegne iskljucivanje magnetnih izvora (14)(40) tokom operacije.
Slika 7 pokazuje tipican magnetni izvor(14)(40) upotrebljen u motoru(1) u skladu sa pronalaskom. Magnetni izvori (14)(40) mogu biti prirodni magneti, indukovani magneti ili elektromagneti.Magnetnim izvorom se moze smatrati Nd-fe-B magnet, oblikovan I dimenzionisan tako da se udobno uklapa u fasung(18)(44) I produzetak fasunga(28)(50), respektivno. U jednom odredjenom obliku, magnetni izvor (18)(44) je u sustini cilindricno oblikovani magnet, precnika 37mm, duzine od 75mm, koji obezbedjuje 360000 gauss-a. Ipak, magnetni izvor(18)(44) moze biti oblikovan drugacije od cilindricnog I moze ukljucivati drugacije osobine. U svakom slucaju, magnetni izvor(18)(44) mora da ukljuci I otvor (58)da bi obavio prijem otporne igle(56).
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Magnetni otporni motor (1) iz primera na slici 8 je postavljen na postolje masine(60) I povezan je sa elektricnim generatorom(62). Ovakvog, specificnog oblika, motor(1) ukljucuje tri rotora(10) iz modela iznad koji su postavljeni na jedino obrtno vratilo(osovinu)(26) I koji rade sa druga tri statora(32) modela iznad u cilju postizanja osovine(26) da se obrce oko svoje poduzne ose. Osovina(26) jednog mehanizma moze biti povezana sa menjackom kutijom radi postizanja mehanicke prednosti. Rucke statora se mogu pomeriti do pogonskog motora(62).
Broj fasunga u rotorima(10) I njihovi odgovarajuci statori(32) se mogu razlikovati do te mere da ne postoji jedan-na–jedan odnos izmedju fasunga(18) u rotoru(10) I fasunga(44) u odgovarajucem statoru(32). Isto tako, broj magnetnih izvora u statoru(32) I rotoru (10) se mogu razlikovati tako da odnos magnetnih izvora(14)(40) bude izvan registra u bilo koje vreme. Neki fasunzi mogu biti prazni bez magnetnog izvora, bilo u rotoru(10), statoru(32) ili u oba.
Fasunzi(18) I rotori(10) mogu biti rasporedjeni odnosno izjednaceni u odnosu na fasunge susednih rotora ili mogu da budu podignuti.Prema tome, magnetni otporni motor(1) moze biti vremenski podesen relativnim postavljanjem magnetnih izvora(14) u okviru susednih rotora(10).
Interakcija barem nekih od magnetnih izvora (14)(40) u okviru prve ili druge grupe (16)(42) tezi obrtanju osovine(26). Kada osovina(26) pocne sa obrtanjem, pluralitet simultanih interakcija obezbedjuje dalji nastavak obrtanja osovine(26).
Kao sto je ranije pomenuto, magnetni otporni motor(1) moze sadrzati bilo koji broj statora(32) I rotora(10). Iako je bitno precizno odredjivanje elemenata motora, moguce je zamisliti neki drugi oblik zasnovan na pronalasku I odredjenim zahtevima.
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Zahtevi
1. Magnetni odbojni motor koji ukljucuje:
Osovinu(26) koja je u stanju da obrce oko svoje poduzne ose,
Prvu grupu (16)magnetnih izvora (14) rasporedjenih oko osovine (26) unutar barem jednog rotora(10) za rotaciju sa osovinom(26),
I drugu grupu(42) magnetnih izvora (40) rasporedjenih oko barem jednog statora (32) pri cemu okruzuju rotor(10),sve dok je druga grupa (42) magnetnih izvora (40) u magnetnoj povezanostisa prvom grupom (16)magnetnih izvora (14),
Pri cemu magnetni izvori (14, 40) prve I druge grupe(16, 42) magnetnih izvora su maker pojedinacno magn.provereni tako da mogu da usmere svoje magnetno polje u prazninu izmedju dve grupe (16, 42)magnetnih izvora.
2. Magnetni odbojni motor u skladu sa zahtevom 1,pri cemu je rotor(10) u obliku diska,a prva grupa (16)magnetnih izvora (14)se nalazi u perifernom delu rotora (10)koji se okrece zajedno sa osovinom (26).
3. Magnetni odbojni motor u skladu sa zahtevima 1 ili 2, pri cemu je stator (32) oblikovan u vidu para rucki (34, 36),koje funkcionisu sa odgovarajucim rotorom(10).
4. Magnetni odbojni motor na osnovu stavke 3, pri cemu dve rucke (34, 46) su pomerljive jedna u odnosu na drugu I u odnosu na rotor (10), tako da praznina izmedju rucki (34, 36)I rotora (10) moze selektivno da se definise.
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5. Magnetni odbojni motor na osnovu prethodnih zahteva,ukoliko rotor (10)sadrzi pluralitet zona prijema magnetnog izvora (12)obezbedjenih za prijem magnetnih izvora (14) prve grupe (16).
6. Magnetni odbojni motor na osnovu prethodnih zahteva, pri cemu stator (32) sadrzi pluralitet zona prijema magnetnog izvora (38) obezbedjenih za prijem magnetnih izvora (40) druge grupe (42).
7. Magnetni odbojni motor na osnovu prethodnih zahteva,pri cemu su prijemne zone (12, 38) obliku perifernih razdvojenih produzetaka po obimu fasunga (18, 44).
8. Magnetni odbojni motor u skladu sa zahtevom 7, prema kojem su fasunzi (18, 44) u sustini cilindricnog oblika I rasporedjeni u ravni upravno na poduznu osu osovine (26).
9. Magnetni odbojni motor u skladu sa zahtevom 7 ili 8, pri cemu su fasunzi (18, 44)pod ostrim uglom u odnosu na tangentu obima rotora (10) na mestu otvora fasunga (18) I unutrasnjeg obima statora (32) na mestu otvora njegovih fasunga(44), raspektivno.
10. Magnetni odbojni motor u skladu sa zahtevom 9,pri cemu se ugao krece izmedju 18 I 40 stepeni, pretezno izmedju 30 I 35 stepeni.
11. Magnetni odbojni motor u skladu sa zahtevima od 7 do 10, pri cemu fasunzi (18, 44) ukljucuju ili primaju oblogu fasunga (28, 50) formiranu od maker delimicno magnetnog materijala
12. Magnetni odbojni motor u skladu sa zahtevom 11, pri cemu obloga fasunga(28, 50) moze ukljucivati zastitu (52) od nekog drugog magnetnog materijala, koji pokriva znacajan deo obloge fasunga, oko 50%.
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13. Magnetni odbojni motor u skladu sa bilo kojim od navedenih zahteva, pri cemu magnetni izvore (14, 40) predstavljaju Nd-fe-B magneti, dimenzionisan I podesen tako da se uklapa u fasunge (18, 44) I njihova izduzenja(28, 50), respektivno.
14. Magnetni odbojni motor u skladu sa bilo kojim od navedenih zahteva, pri cemu su magnetni izvori (14, 40)u vidu cilindricnih magneta precnika 37mm i duzine 75mm,obezbedjujuci pritom 360000 gauss-a.
15. Magnetni odbojni motor u skladu sa bilo kojim od navedenih zahteva od 18 do 28, pri cemu rotor (10), stator (32), obloga fasunga (28, 50), I magnetni izvori (14, 40) ukljucuju otvore (20, 46, 54, 58) za prijem otporne igle (56), pretezno u pravcu paralelnom poduznoj osi osovine(26).
16. Magnetni odbojni motor u skladu sa bilo kojim od navedenih zahteva od 7 do 15, pri cemu se broj fasunga (18) u rotoru (10) snabdevenih magnetima (1)kao I broj fasunga (44) u odgovarajucem statoru (32) snabdevenom magnetima (40) razlikuje.
17. Magnetni odbojni motor u skladu sa bilo kojim od navedenih zahteva, koji pritom ukljucuje razlicit broj rotora (10) I statora (32) rasporedjenih u gomili..
18. Magnetni odbojni motor u skladu sa zahtevom br. 17, pri cemu su magnetni izvori (14) susednih rotora (10) rasporedjeni ili izjednaceni relativno jedni u odnosu na druge.
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English to Serbian: Apple trees - Agriculture - From Serbian to English General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Agriculture
Source text - English INTRODUCTION
Дрво јабуке је листопадно, висине од неких 1.8 до 4.6 м за култивисану сорту и 12 м за дивљу сорту. (хттп://www.треенамес.нет/ти/малус/индеx_аппле_трее.хтмл). Стабло јабуке има биномиални назив Малус доместица, из рода плантае и фамилије росеаце биљака познатих као ангиосперми. Ове биљке су познате по својој слаткоћи, стабло јабуке је широм света култивисано као воћно дрво, и заступљено је у многим крајевима. Дрво потиче из Централне Азије, где још увек постоји његов дивљи предак - Малус сиеверси. Јабуке су током хиљада година расле у Азији у Европи, након чега су их Европљани донели у Северну Америку.
Цветови се развијају током пролећа, истовремено са пупљењем лишћа, а настају на гранама и неким дужим деловима. Цветови су бели са розом нијансом која обично избледи, имају пет латица, и често се јављају у групама цветова. Централни цвет букета се зове „краљевски цвет“; и може да се претвори у већу воћку (Порекло, историја култивације 2008) (Природни историјски музеј 2013). Воће сазрева крајем лета или јесени, при чему узгајивачи теже добијању плодова јабука пречника 7.0 до 8.3 цм, због потреба тржишта. Неки корисници више воле веће јабуке, док неки више користе мање јабуке због справљања одређених алкохолних пића, сокова, мармелада, итд.
Генерално, узгајивачи јабука се баве калемљењем, захваљујући чему могу контролисати величину добијеног дрвета. Постоји више од 7,500 познатих сорти јабука, са бројним пожељним карактеристикама. Различите сорте имају различите укусе и ароме, укључујући њихову употребу у сировом облику и производњу сирћета, и друге употребе.
Јабуке су богат извор разних фитохемикалија, укључујући флавоноиде (катехине, флавоноле и кверцетин) и друга фенолска једињења (епикатехин и процијанидине) (Ribeiro FA. i sar. 2014), која се налазе на кори, у језгру и пулпи јабуке; (Ribeiro FA. i sar. 2014). Имају непроцењив значај по здравље људи. (Boyer, Jeanelle; Liu, RH. 2004). Такођер, сорте црвене јабуке садрже цијанидин 3-О-галактосид (антоцијанин), који представља врсту пигмента.
Јабуке су воће високог квалитета и садрже комплексе хемијских једињења. Воће јабука садржи 10 до 19% суве материје; 6.6 до 15.5% шећера (чију структуру претежно чине глукоза и фруктоза) и 0,4 - 0,8% киселине (Niketić - Aleksić, 1988). Садржај минералне материје у јабуци износи до 0.4%, висок садржај калијума (280 mg / 100 g K; 26 mg / 100 g; 16 mg / 100 g Ca; 9 mg / 100 g Mg) (Zlatković 2003). Воће јабуке садржи до 0.8% пектина, 0.025 до 0.27% танина, 0.03 мг / 100 г витамина B1 (тијамин), 0.02 мг / 100 г витамина B2 (рибофлавин), 0.3 мг / 100 г витамина B3 (ниацин) 10 мг / 100 г витамина C, значајну количину бета каротена, антоцијанина, аминокиселина и друге биолошки важне супстанце (Vračar, 2001).
На основу количине производње, најважније континенталне врсте воћа на свету су јабука, наранџа и банана (Bound, 2005). Због способности прилагођавања различитим природним условима, јабуке заузимају важно место у свету воћа. Током последњих неколико година, светска производња јабука се мало повећала. Kако наводи FAOSTAT, годишња светска производња јабука у 2013. и 2014.години је износила преко 160 милиона тона. Највећи светски произвођач је Kина, потом САД, Пољска, Турска, Италија, Индија, Чиле, Француска, Русија (FAOSTAT, 2014), и Србија на 12-ом месту у Европи.
Површина за узгој култивисаних сорти јабука у Србији износи 23 737 ха. Општина Суботица заузима прво место (1596 ха), након ње следи општина Смедерево (1340 ха), Гроцка (1219 ха), Чачак (831 ха) и Ариље (778 ха) (Kесеровић, 2013). Kако наводи FAOSTAT, годишња производња јабука у Србији током периода 2006 - 2016, је постигла максималну количину током 2013.године, укључујући и количину приноса, слика (2). ( FAOSTAT, 2018). Годишња производња јабука у Србији износи неких 250 хиљада тона. Производња јабука у свету током последњих 60 година је појачана системима управљања узгојем, који су такођер раније доприносили бржој и већој продуктивности током времена. Ови системи су засновани на великим приносима и бољем квалитету усева (Robinson, 2007; Perry i sar. 2007) .
Sl.2 FAOSTAT, количина производње и приноса јабука у Србији за период 2006-2016.
Појачана производња јабука указује на додатни пораст у густини садње. Садња се обављала по шеми са по два-три реда густо распоређених стабала. Kоличина биљака у рангу од 3000-4000 стабала по ха се показала оптималном на територији Европе. Рано развијени воћњаци не могу постићи период почетног приноса и обезбедити годишњу производњу великих количина висококвалитетног воћа, уз мале трошкове (Wertheim, 2000; Cheng, 2003).
Дивље јабуке се лако развијају из семена. Ипак, попут већине вишегодишњих воћки, јабуке се обично шире калемљењем. Већина нових сорти јабука потичу од садница, јер се јабуке не развијају преко семена, или ретко долази до тога (NCSU. 2009). Kалемљење генерално служи да добијање нових стабала јабука. Стабло подлоге за калемљене се може одабрати за добијање стабала разних величина. Патуљаста стабла подлоге се могу користити за добијање малих стабала, која раније добијају воће током свог циклуса, у односу на стабла пуне величине. (William G. i sar. 2010).
За воћњаке са јабукама, треба обратити пажњу на следеће карактеристике тла: дубину и порозност слоја тла при површини, структуру, механичка и хемијска својства (Bowen, 1979). Према томе, неке врсте тла су црвене, црне, дубоке а неке врсте су плитке, имају грубу или фину текстуру. Нека земљишта имају структуру између пешчане глине (иловача) и песка иловаче, или припадају алувијално-делувијалним врстама тла. Чернозем (црница земља) је изванредна земља за узгој јабука. Превише глине и лагана земљишта нису погодни за успешну производњу. У збијеним земљиштима се прво треба обавити опоравак тла, што је скуп пољопривредни корак. Што се тиче песка, може се организовати успешна производња јабука, уз увођење великих количина ђубрива, зеолита и воде кроз наводњавање. Стабла јабука се најбоље показују на плодним, дубоким и лаганим земљиштима која се лако исушују и у која корени системи лако продиру. Земљишта би требало да имају добар водни, ваздушни и топлотни режим. Плитко тло, без влаге, треба избегавати за узгој јабука у фази развоја (Obradović, 2013).Kомпоненте тла су минерални материјал, органска материја, вода и ваздух, као резервоар нутријената, чије количине варирају, и који заједно чине систем за развој биљака. (Department of Agriculture & Cooperation Ministry of Agriculture Government of India, New Delhi January, 2011).
Пре почетка развоја воћњака, потребно је обавити хемијску, физичку и биолошку анализу тла на којем је предвиђен воћњак. Потребно је анализирати основна својства земљишта, укључујући садржај хумуса и нутријената (калијум, фосфор и азот) и pH вредност тла. Земљиште на којем је предвиђен узгој стабала јабука мора имати одговарајуће количине нутријената, односно најмање 2 - 3% хумуса, 10 мг доступног P2О5 и 20 мг доступног K2О по 100г сувог тла. До нивоа у којем се количина доступног фосфора и калијума повећава за 1 мг по 100 г сувог тла на дубини од 40 цм, потребно је увести 60 кг P2О5 и 120 кг K2О по хектару (Шошкић, 2008).
У случају малог садржаја хумуса, требало би земљиште преорати са одговарајућом количином ђубрива. Да би се повећала количина хумуса до 1% у слоју тла дебљине 40 цм, потребно је унети 50 т / ха чистог хумуса, или 200 т / ха добро припремљеног и спаљеног ђубрива. Разумљиво је да је тешко добити велику количину ђубрива и распоредити га током припремног периода, због чега пред – садња доприноси добијању мале количине ђубрива од 30 - 50 т / ха. Пожељно је поготово током сађења у периоду експлоатације да се ђубриво уноси периодично у земљиште (сваке треће или четврте године). У недостатку ђубрива се може користити мешавина, укључујући стакленичко ђубриво, органске брикете и зелено ђубриво (Obradović, 2013).
Ђубрење вишегодишњих биљака је далеко сложеније у односу на пољске усеве. Ђубрење воћа у периоду раста је веома битан пољопривредни корак јер вишегодишње биљке током више година једнозначно црпе материје из земљишта, што није случај код једногодишњих биљака. Грешке настале током ђубрења стабала воћа је тешко уклонити а некад је потребно посећи таква стабла. Имајући на уму вредност вишегодишњих усева, потребно је систематски испитати количину потребних елемената у тлу, јер се на тај начин добија основа за рационалну примену ђубрива. Једна од важних полазних тачака у примени ђубрива је количина уклоњених усева.
Систем ђубрења у интензивној производњи јабука је искључиво заснован на анализи садржаја нутријената у биљкама и земљишту. У оквиру интегрисане производње, сваке године се мора обављати анализа листова. Потребно је сваких четири до пет година обавити анализу земљишта како би се утврдила количина нутријената за додавање у тло. Систем ђубрења/фертилизације са ђубрењем кроз системе наводњавања се препоручује ради кориговања фолијарног ђубрења. Уношење расипача се може обавити на неколико начина. Ђубрива се додају кроз земљу: наношење ђубрива испод централног слоја (круне) 70%, 25% ђубрива и фолијара око 5%. Ђубрива се распоређују испод централног слоја (круне) тако да он постаје 60-70 цм шири од пројекције круне (централног дела). Током јуна или јула, након анализе листове се може надокнадити недостатак елемената, кроз фолијарно ђубрење. Ово се обавља 2-3 пута у интервалу од 15-20 дана (Keserović et al., 1999).
Ефективно ђубрење захтева познавање одређених карактеристика биљака, попут дневне потрошње нутријената и корене расподеле у тлу. Kарактеристике нутријената – растворљивост и покретљивост су важне као и фактори квалитета воде за наводњавање – пХ вредност, садржај минерала, салинитет и растворљивост нутријената.
С обзиром на то, ђубрење (примена ђубрива са водом за наводњавање) се сматра средством повећања ефикасне употребе воде и ђубрива, корисним за повећање приноса, заштиту околине и одрживост наводњаваних пољопривредних култура. Ђубрење је директно повезано са побољшаним системима наводњавања и управљањем водама. Системи кап-по-кап и микро-наводњавања, који су изузетно ефикасни за употребу воде као и за ђубрење. Водорастворљива ђубрива у концентрацијама према усевима се уносе у систем наводњавања док се не постигне одговарајућа влажност тла. Према томе, расподела хемикалија у води за наводњавање ће ове хемикалије довести на жељену локацију, у корено подручје. Тиме се смањује потрошња воде и ђубрива. Захваљујући систему наводњавања кап-по-кап, повећава се унос N, P и K. Сходно томе, по јединици ђубрива и употребљене воде се добија бољи и квалитетнији принос.
Translation - Serbian INTRODUCTION
The apple tree is a deciduous tree, generally standing 1.8 to 4.6 m tall in cultivation and up to 12 m in the wild. (http://www.treenames.net/ti/malus/index_apple_tree.html). apple tree has binomial name is Malus domestica, from kingdom of plantae and the family of rosaceae plants angiosperms, which is famous for its sweetness, apples tree are cultivated worldwide as a fruit tree, and is the most widely grown. The tree originated in Central of Asia, where its wild ancestor, Malus sieversii, is still found today. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe, then were brought to North America by European.
Blossoms are produced in spring simultaneously with the budding of the leaves, and are produced on spurs and some long shots. The flowers are white with a pink tinge that typically fades, five petaled, with an inflorescence consisting of a cyme . The central flower of the inflorescence is called the "king bloom"; and can develop a larger fruit. Origin, History of cultivation. 2008) (Natural History Museum. 2013). The fruit matures in late summer or autumn, where the commercial growers aim to produce an apple that is 7.0 to 8.3 cm in diameter, due to market preference. Some consumers, prefer a larger apple, while small apples are generally used for making for other making as some types of alcohol, juice, Jam, etc.
Generally apple cultivars are propagated by grafting onto rootstocks, which control the size of the resulting tree. There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples, resulting in a range of desired characteristics. Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and uses, including eating raw and cider production, and others uses.
Considered the apples are a rich source of various phytochemicals including flavonoids (e.g., catechins, flavanols, and quercetin) and other phenolic compounds (e.g., epicatechin and procyanidins) (Ribeiro FA. et al. 2014), found in the skin, core, and pulp of the apple;( Ribeiro FA. et al. 2014), they have unknown health value in humans. (Boyer, Jeanelle; Liu, RH. 2004). also red apple cultivars contains of cyanidin 3-O-galactoside (anthocyanin) is a type of pigment.
Apple fruit a high quality which contains complex of chemical composition. Apple fruit contains 10 to 19% dry matter; 6.6 to 15.5% of total sugar (whose structure is dominated by reducing sugars - glucose and fructose) and 0,4 - 0,8% of the total acid (Niketić - Aleksić, 1988). The mineral matter content in the apple is up to 0.4%, in particular a high content of potassium (280 mg / 100 g K; 26 mg / 100 g; 16 mg / 100 g Ca; 9 mg / 100 g Mg) (Zlatković 2003). Apple fruit contains up to 0.8% of pectin, 0.025 to 0.27% of tannin, 0.03 mg / 100 g of vitamin B1 (thiamine), 0.02 mg / 100 g of vitamin B2 (riboflavin), 0.3 mg / 100 g of vitamin B3 (niacin) 10 mg / 100 g of vitamin C, a significant amount of beta carotene, anthocyanins, amino acids and other biologically important substances (Vračar, 2001).
According to the volume of production, the most important continental fruit species in the world is apple, together with orange and banana dominating the world markets (Bound, 2005). Where it has ability to adapt to different natural conditions, the apples takes important place in the fruit world. In the past few years, world production of apples has slightly increased, According to FAOSTAT and the annual world production of apples in 2013 and 2014 was over 160 million tons. The consider of world's largest producer is China, followed by the United States, Poland, Turkey, Italy, India, Chile, France, Russia, (FAOSTAT, 2014), and Serbia in twelfth place in Europe.
Apples cultivation areas are estimated in Serbia about 23 737 ha. The municipality of Subotica takes the first place (1596 ha), followed by the municipality of Smederevo (1340 ha), Grocka (1219 ha), Čačak (831 ha) and Arilje (778 ha) (Keserović, 2013). According to FAOSTAT the annual production of apples in Serbia during 2006 to 2016, record quantity of apple production was achieved in 2013, as well as yield, figure (2). ( FAOSTAT, 2018). The annual apple production in Serbia is about 250 thousand tons. Apple production in the world in the last 60 years has been intensified by improved management rearing systems, which are also designed to provide an earlier and higher productivity for the time, determined by a high level of yield and give a better quality of the crop (Robinson, 2007; Perry et al., 2007) .
Fig.2 FAOSTAT, apple production quantity and yield in Serbia for the period 2006-2016.
Intensified apple production means an additional increase in planting density. Using two-row or three-row slim tree in apple and dense single row. The amount of plants ranging from 3000-4000 trees per ha proved to be optimal in the territory of Europe. Way formed of high-early orchards cannot enter the period initial fruitfulness and ensure annual production of large quantities of high quality fruits, a cost-effective manner (Wertheim, 2000; Cheng, 2003).
In the wild, apples grow readily from seeds. However, like most perennial fruits, apples are ordinarily propagated by grafting. Most new apple cultivars originate as seedlings, because apples do not breed when planted as seeds, it occurs rarely, (NCSU. 2009), grafting is generally used to produce new apple trees. The rootstock used for the bottom of the graft can be selected to produce trees of a large variety of sizes. Dwarf rootstocks can be used to produce small trees, which bear fruit earlier in their life cycle than full size trees.( William G. et al. 2010).
For growing apple orchards, attention must be paid to the following characteristics of the soil: depth and permeability of the lower layer surface, structure, mechanical and chemical properties. (Bowen, 1979). Thus, some soils are red, some are black, some are deep and some are shallow, some are coarse-textured and some are fine-textured. Some soils are structure between the sandy clay (loam) and loamy sand, or that origin of the alluvial- delluvial type. Chernozem (black soil) is excellent land for apple orchards. Too muc h clay and light soils are not suitable for successful production. In heavy soil on the first place comes land repair, and it is expensive agricultural step. When we talk about the sand, there can be organized successful production of apples, with the introduction of large amounts of manure, zeolite and olbligatory watering. Apple trees perform the best on fertile, deep and light soils that are easily drained and that the root system penetrates easily. It should have good water, air and thermal regime. Shallow soil, with no moisture, should be avoided for growing apples (Obradović, 2013).
The components of soils are mineral material, organic matter, water and air, as a reservoir of nutrients, the proportions of which vary and which together form a system for plant growth. (Department of Agriculture & Cooperation Ministry of Agriculture Government of India, New Delhi January, 2011).
Before raising orchards, it must be done chemical, physical and biological soil analysis. It is necessary to make an analysis of the basic properties of land, which includes the contents of humus and nutrients (potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen) and soil pH.
The land on which will be grown apple trees must be ensured with medium provided nutrients and contain a minimum of 2 - 3% of humus, 10 mg of available P2O5 and K2O readily available 20 mg per 100 g dry soil. To the level of available phosphorus and potassium increased by 1 mg per 100 g dry soil at a depth of 40 cm it is necessary to bring 60 kg P2O5 and 120 kg K2O per hectare (Šoškić, 2008).
In the case of low humus content, it should plowed into the soil appropriate amount of manure. In order to increase the rate of humus to 1% in soil layer of 40 cm is necessary to put 50 t / ha of pure humus, or 200 t / ha of well burnt manure. It is understandable that such a large quantity of manure is difficult to obtain and disperse during the preparatory period, which is why pre plantation brings small amount of manure that ranges from 30 - 50 t / ha. It is desirable, and later during the exploitation plantations to bring periodically manure into the soil (every third or fourth year). In the absence of manure, compost can be used, also greenhouses, organic briquettes or green manure (Obradović, 2013).
Fertilization of perennial plantation is far more complex than the fertilization of field crops. Fertilization in fruit growing is a very important agrotechnical step because the perennial plants for many years uniformly exhaust the land, which is not the case for annual plants. Mistakes made in the fertilization of fruit trees are difficult to remove, and sometimes lead to cutt the threes. Taking into account the high value of perennial plantations, there is a need for a systematic examination of the level of providing from soil and plants necessary elements, since it forms the basis for the rational application of fertilizers. One of the important starting points in the application of fertilizers is the amount of removed elements yields.
The system of fertilization in intensive apple production is based exclusively on the analysis of the content of nutrients in plants and soil. In the integrated production, leaf analysis must be done every year. Every four or five years it is required to do the land analysis which is in order to know the quantity of nutrients that would be added to the soil. Fertilization system with fertigation through irrigation systems is recommended a further correction of foliar fertilization. Entering the spreader can be performed in several ways. Fertilizers are added through the land: application of fertilizer below the central leader (crown) 70%, 25% fertigation and foliar about 5%. Fertilizers are distributed under the central leader (crown) so that it is 60-70 cm wider than the projection of the crown (central leader). If during June or July, according to the analysis of the leaves, a lack of application of an element can be added by foliar fertilization. This is brought about 2-3 times at an interval of 15-20 days (Keserović et al., 1999).
Effective fertigation requires knowledge of certain plant characteristics such as optimum daily nutrient consumption rate and root distribution in the soil. Nutrient characteristics such as solubility and mobility are important and irrigation water quality factors such as pH, mineral content, salinity and nutrient solubility must be considered.
And in this respect, fertigation (application of fertilizers with the irrigation water), is proposed as a means to increase efficient use of water and fertilizers, increase yield, protect environment and sustain irrigated agriculture. Fertigation is directly related with improved irrigation systems and water management. Drip and other micro-irrigation systems, which are highly efficient for water application, are ideally-suited for fertigation. Water-soluble fertilizers at concentrations required by crops are conveyed via the irrigation stream to the wetted volume of soil. Thus the distribution of chemicals in the irrigation water will likely place these chemicals in the desired location, the root zone. This reduces water and fertilizer application . With a drip-fertigation system uptake of N, P and K are substantially improved. In this respect per unit of fertilizer and water applied, higher yield and better quality are obtained.
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Bio
Тranslator and Civil Engineer with more than 15 years
of experience working in professional and science communities. I have participated in diverse translation work including scientific materials and large –scale executive organization documents, commercial materials. I am consistently relied upon for verification and correction of translated materials. During these years, I have assisted a variety of clients with projects related to translation services, allocation and localization of clients and services providers for various materials. As a person who also respects deadlines as set by the client requirements for each task, I have managed to maintain good and reliable collaboration with various clients and companies all around the world.
Native language: Serbo-Croatian/Bosnian
Overall Work Experience
Freelance translator 2006– present
•translating and proofreading of company safety standards
•translating and proofreading of governmental legal documents
•translating and proofreading of contracts, agreements
•translating
and proofreading of FIDIC contracts and agreements, various editions
•translating and proofreading of IT presentations and brochures IT courses
•translating and proofreading of technical manuals
•translating and proofreading of financial documents for the local companies (financial reports, audit reports and strategies)
•translating and proofreading of tender documentation
•translating and proofreading of the general documents (birth/death/marriage certificates, driving licenses, police records etc.
•translating and proofreading of scientific works related to Civil Engineering, Architecture, Economy, Management, Environmental Protection, Tourism, Industry
•translating, proofreading and (copy)writing access works, master and PhD theses with data analyses
•translating and proofreading of brochures for travel agencies
Language pairs:
English– Serbian
English– Croatian
English– Bosnian
and
vice versa
Collaboration companies for which I have worked for in terms of translation, proofreading and editing services are located in following countries: Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, UK, USA, Germany, Romania, Lithuania, Czech Republic, Moldavia, Greece, Turkey, Belgium, Italy, France, Israel, Egypt, Switzerland
04/2019– 10/2019 Master of Civil Engineering and Translator
Company: Ludwig Pfeiffer Hoch und Tiefbau GmbH & Co.KG Kassel, Branch “Ludwig Pfeiffer” Banja Luka – Office in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina - Assistance in preparation of technical documentation on a project "Dual primary sewer collectors in the center of the City of Mostar" and technical documentation according to FIDIC Contracts on a project "Regional waterline - Blue Water" in BIH;
09/2022– 10/2022 - Assistant and interpreter
Company: OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission to BIH for Long-Term observers
09/2023– 03/2024 – International Content Translator – Serbian language
Company: www.bet365.com – Stoke on Trent, England
EDUCATION
2001-2013
Master Degree in Civil Engineering - Faculty
of Technical Sciences (FTN) - Novi Sad, Serbia
-Master Degree thesis: Investigation of effects of extreme temperatures on drying of concrete in large constructions - Comparison of ACI and Eurocode standards;
2003
English- C2 Level in English language
Italian language – Beginner level – Radnicki univerzitet, Novi Sad, Serbia
2019
English– TEFL Certificate for teaching English as a Foreign Language
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